Μεθοδολογία Προσωπικής Ουσίας (Personal Essence Methodology)

Βιβλιογραφία PEM

01. Γνωστικές Προκαταλήψεις και Ευρετικοί Κανόνες (Θεμελιώδη)

Θεμελιώδη και επισκοπικά έργα για τις γνωστικές προκαταλήψεις, τους ευρετικούς κανόνες, τη συλλογιστική διπλής διεργασίας και τη γενική αρχιτεκτονική της ανθρώπινης κρίσης. Οι πηγές εδώ είτε καθιερώνουν μια προκατάληψη ως φαινόμενο είτε συνθέτουν την ευρύτερη βιβλιογραφία.

Βιβλία

1. R1 — Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2. R2 — Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. HarperCollins.
3. R3 — Ariely, D. (2010). The Upside of Irrationality. HarperCollins.
4. R4 — Ariely, D. (2012). The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone—Especially Ourselves. Harper.
5. R7 — Gigerenzer, G. (2007). Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking.
6. R9 — Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals: How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
7. R10 — Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M., & ABC Research Group. (1999). Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press.
8. R15 — Gilovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press.
9. R16 — Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.
10. R22 — Baron, J. (2008). Thinking and Deciding (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
11. R27 — Heuer, R. J. (1999). Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Center for the Study of Intelligence.
12. R28 — Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press.
13. R48 — Chabris, C., & Simons, D. (2010). The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. Crown.
14. R55 — Hastie, R., & Dawes, R. M. (2010). Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. SAGE Publications.
15. R76 — Lewis, M. (2016). The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds. W. W. Norton.
16. R103 — Trivers, R. (2011). The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. Basic Books.
17. R141 — Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2012). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley.
18. R150 — Shotton, R. (2018). The Choice Factory: 25 Behavioural Biases That Influence What We Buy. Harriman House.
19. R152 — Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason. Harvard University Press.
20. R153 — Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought. Yale University Press.
21. R215 — Munger, C. (2005). Poor Charlie's Almanack: The Wit and Wisdom of Charles T. Munger. Donning Company.
22. R279 — Dobelli, R. (2013). The Art of Thinking Clearly. Harper / HarperCollins.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Θεμελιώδεις εργασίες των Tversky & Kahneman

23. R289 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232.
24. R290 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.
25. R291 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin, 76(2), 105–110.
26. R292 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251.
27. R294 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293–315.
28. R298 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454.
29. R305 — Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 49–81). Cambridge University Press.

Ευρετικός κανόνας διαθεσιμότητας

30. R306 — Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 195–202.
31. R307 — Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Layman, M., & Combs, B. (1978). Judged frequency of lethal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 551–578.
32. R308 — Kuran, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (1999). Availability cascades and risk regulation. Stanford Law Review, 51(4), 683–768.

Βασικό ποσοστό (Base-rate), αντιπροσωπευτικότητα, σύζευξη

33. R349 — Gigerenzer, G., & Hoffrage, U. (1995). How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review, 102(4), 684–704.
34. R350 — Bar-Hillel, M. (1980). The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. Acta Psychologica, 44(3), 211–233.
35. R351 — Koehler, J. J. (1996). The base rate fallacy reconsidered. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19(1), 1–17.
36. R352 — Meehl, P. E., & Rosen, A. (1955). Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52(3), 194–216.
37. R353 — Hattori, M., & Nishida, Y. (2009). Why does the base rate appear to be ignored? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1065–1070.

Αγκύρωση (Anchoring) & πλαισίωση (framing)

38. R293 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458.
39. R386 — Strack, F., & Mussweiler, T. (1997). Explaining the enigmatic anchoring effect: Mechanisms of selective accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 437–446.
40. R387 — Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006). The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic: Why the adjustments are insufficient. Psychological Science, 17(4), 311–318.
41. R388 — Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 188–200.
42. R389 — Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2003). "Coherent arbitrariness": Stable demand curves without stable preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 73–106.
43. R390 — Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002). Incorporating the irrelevant: Anchors in judgments of belief and value. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 120–138). Cambridge University Press.
44. R411 — Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188.
45. R412 — De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science, 313(5787), 684–687.
46. R413 — Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 411–429.

Προκατάληψη επιβεβαίωσης και αποτυχίες συλλογισμού

47. R423 — Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129–140.
48. R424 — Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098–2109.
49. R425 — Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.
50. R426 — Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 57–74.
51. R427 — Klayman, J. (1995). Varieties of confirmation bias. In J. Busemeyer, R. Hastie, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective (pp. 385–418). Academic Press.
52. R428 — Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211–228.
53. R429 — Trope, Y., & Bassok, M. (1982). Confirmatory and diagnosing strategies in social information gathering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(1), 22–34.

Θεωρία διπλής διεργασίας

54. R430 — Evans, J. St. B. T. (2007). Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgment. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 46, 1–39.
55. R587 — Evans, J. St. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255–278.
56. R581 — Stupple, E. J. N., Ball, L. J., Evans, J. St. B. T., & Kamal-Smith, E. (2011). When logic and belief collide: Individual differences in reasoning times support a selective processing model. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 931–941.

Τυφλό σημείο προκατάληψης (Bias blind spot) και αφελής ρεαλισμός

57. R472 — Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381.
58. R473 — Pronin, E., & Kugler, M. B. (2007). Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 565–578.
59. R474 — West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506–519.
60. R475 — Scopelliti, I., Morewedge, C. K., McCormick, E., Min, H. L., Lebrecht, S., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Bias blind spot: Structure, measurement, and consequences. Management Science, 61(10), 2468–2486.
61. R476 — Morewedge, C. K., Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., Symborski, C. W., Korris, J. H., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Debiasing decisions: Improved decision making with a single training intervention. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 129–140.
62. R477 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). Naive realism in everyday life. In E. S. Reed, E. Turiel, & T. Brown (Eds.), Values and Knowledge (pp. 103–135). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. R731 — Pronin, E. (2007). Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment. In J. M. Darley, D. M. Messick, & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Social Influences on Ethical Behavior in Organizations (pp. 37–53). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Αφελής κυνισμός

64. R478 — Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (1999). "Naïve cynicism": Everyday theories of responsibility assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 743–753.
65. R479 — Benforado, A., & Hanson, J. (2008). Naïve cynicism: Maintaining false perceptions in policy debates. Emory Law Journal, 57(3), 499–596.
66. R480 — Takeda, M., & Numazaki, M. (2010). Naïve cynicism among Japanese dating couples. Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 35–42.
67. R481 — Mills, C. M., & Keil, F. C. (2005). The development of cynicism. Psychological Science, 16(5), 385–390.

Επισκοπήσεις προκαταλήψεων και μετα-αναλύσεις

68. R469 — Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424.
69. R506 — Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Prentice-Hall.

Αντίθεση, διάκριση και δυνατότητα αξιολόγησης

70. R397 — Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-Level Theory: An Experimental and Systematic Approach to Behavior. Harper & Row.
71. R398 — Mussweiler, T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110(3), 472–489.
72. R399 — Kenrick, D. T., & Gutierres, S. E. (1980). Contrast effects and judgments of physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 131–140.
73. R400 — Pepitone, A., & DiNubile, M. (1976). Contrast effects in judgments of crime severity and the punishment of criminal violators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(4), 448–459.
74. R402 — Hsee, C. K., & Zhang, J. (2004). Distinction bias: Misprediction and mischoice due to joint evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 680–695.
75. R403 — Hsee, C. K. (1996). The evaluability hypothesis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(3), 247–257.
76. R404 — Bohnet, I., van Geen, A., & Bazerman, M. (2016). When performance trumps gender bias: Joint vs. separate evaluation. Management Science, 62(5), 1225–1234.
77. R405 — Anvari, F., Olsen, J., Hung, W. Y., & Feldman, G. (2021). Distinction bias and preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations: A replication and extension. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, 104059.

Ψευδαίσθηση εστίασης (Focusing illusion)

78. R407 — Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346.
79. R408 — Kőszegi, B., & Szeidl, Á. (2013). A model of focusing in economic choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), 53–104.
80. R409 — Lam, K. C., Buehler, R., McFarland, C., Ross, M., & Cheung, I. (2005). Cultural differences in affective forecasting: The role of focalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1296–1309.
81. R410 — Dertwinkel-Kalt, M., & Wenzel, T. (2017). Focusing and framing of risky alternatives. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 159, 289–304.

Συντηρητισμός, αναθεώρηση πεποιθήσεων

82. R391 — Edwards, W. (1968). Conservatism in human information processing. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Formal Representation of Human Judgment. Wiley.
83. R392 — Phillips, L. D., & Edwards, W. (1966). Conservatism in a simple probability inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(3), 346–354.
84. R395 — Corner, A., Harris, A. J. L., & Hahn, U. (2010). Conservatism in belief revision and participant skepticism. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
85. R396 — Lefebvre, G., Lebreton, M., Meyniel, F., Bourgeois-Gironde, S., & Palminteri, S. (2017). Behavioural and neural characterization of optimistic reinforcement learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0067.

Απατηλή συσχέτιση (Illusory correlation) και αντίληψη προτύπων

86. R523 — Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1967). Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72(3), 193–204.
87. R524 — Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(3), 271–280.
88. R525 — Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12(4), 392–407.
89. R526 — Fiedler, K. (2000). Illusory correlations: A simple associative algorithm provides a convergent account of seemingly divergent paradigms. Review of General Psychology, 4(1), 25–58.
90. R527 — Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1996). On the belief that arthritis pain is related to the weather. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(7), 2895–2896.
91. R528 — Fiedler, K., & Freytag, P. (2004). Pseudocontingencies. In R. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions (pp. 97–114). Psychology Press.

Συνεχιζόμενη επιρροή της παραπληροφόρησης

92. R464 — Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436.
93. R467 — Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100.

Φαινόμενο μπούμερανγκ (Backfire effect)

94. R989 — Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330.
95. R990 — Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes' steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135–163.
96. R991 — Kaplan, J. T., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016). Neural correlates of maintaining one's political beliefs in the face of counterevidence. Scientific Reports, 6, 39589.

02. Κρίση και Λήψη Αποφάσεων Υπό Αβεβαιότητα

Θεωρία προοπτικών (prospect theory), απόφαση υπό κίνδυνο και αβεβαιότητα, κρίση πιθανοτήτων, συλλογιστική μη ανακτήσιμου κόστους (sunk-cost), διαχρονική επιλογή και οι κεντρικές ανωμαλίες της συμπεριφοράς επιλογής.

Βιβλία

1. R11 — Taleb, N. N. (2005). Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (2nd ed.). Random House.
2. R12 — Taleb, N. N. (2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Random House.
3. R13 — Taleb, N. N. (2012). Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. Random House.
4. R14 — Taleb, N. N. (2018). Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life. Random House.
5. R24 — Mlodinow, L. (2008). The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives. Pantheon Books.
6. R59 — Mauboussin, M. J. (2012). The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing. Harvard Business Review Press.
7. R60 — Silver, N. (2012). The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail—But Some Don't. Penguin Press.
8. R64 — Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Houghton Mifflin.
9. R65 — Savage, L. J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. John Wiley & Sons.
10. R66 — Ellsberg, D. (2001). Risk, Ambiguity and Decision. Routledge.
11. R67 — Gilboa, I. (2009). Theory of Decision under Uncertainty. Cambridge University Press.
12. R68 — Hansen, L. P., & Sargent, T. J. (2008). Robustness. Princeton University Press.
13. R18 — Tetlock, P. E. (2005). Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? Princeton University Press.
14. R19 — Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction. Crown.
15. R195 — Hand, D. J. (2014). The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day. Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
16. R198 — Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. Little, Brown.
17. R199 — Iyengar, S. (2010). The Art of Choosing. Twelve.
18. R200 — Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Harper Perennial.
19. R234 — Meehl, P. E. (1954). Clinical vs. Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. University of Minnesota Press.
20. R278 — Duke, A. (2018). Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don't Have All the Facts. Portfolio / Penguin.
21. R687 — Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press.

Λήψη αποφάσεων υπό βαθιά αβεβαιότητα (προσθήκες)

22. A39 — Lempert, R. J., Popper, S. W., & Bankes, S. C. (2003). Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis. RAND Corporation.
23. A40 — Marchau, V. A. W. J., Walker, W. E., Bloemen, P. J. T. M., & Popper, S. W. (Eds.). (2019). Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty: From Theory to Practice. Springer.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Πυρήνας θεωρίας προοπτικών (Prospect theory)

24. R295 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323.
25. R296 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039–1061.
26. R297 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
27. R299 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350.
28. R300 — Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1325–1348.
29. R301 — Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991). Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 193–206.
30. R955 — Ruggeri, K., et al. (2020). Replicating patterns of prospect theory for decision under risk. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 622–633.
31. R956 — Gal, D., & Rucker, D. D. (2018). The loss of loss aversion: Will it loom larger than its gain? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(3), 497–516.

Φαινόμενο προικοδότησης (Endowment effect), προθυμία πληρωμής έναντι αποδοχής

32. R985 — Carmon, Z., & Ariely, D. (2000). Focusing on the forgone: How value can appear so different to buyers and sellers. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(3), 360–370.
33. R986 — List, J. A. (2003). Does market experience eliminate market anomalies? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 41–71.
34. R987 — Plott, C. R., & Zeiler, K. (2005). The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap, the "endowment effect," subject misconceptions, and experimental procedures for eliciting valuations. American Economic Review, 95(3), 530–545.
35. R988 — Maddux, W. W., Yang, H., Falk, C., Adam, H., Adair, W., Endo, Y., et al. (2010). For whom is parting with possessions more painful? Psychological Science, 21(12), 1910–1917.

Μη ανακτήσιμο κόστος (Sunk cost) και κλιμάκωση δέσμευσης

36. R943 — Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124–140.
37. R944 — Staw, B. M., & Hoang, H. (1995). Sunk costs in the NBA. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 474–494.
38. R945 — Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39–60.
39. R946 — Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1), 27–44.
40. R947 — Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. (1987). Behavior in escalation situations: Antecedents, prototypes, and solutions. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 39–78.
41. R948 — Keil, M., et al. (2000). A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. MIS Quarterly, 24(2), 299–325.
42. R949 — Ross, J., & Staw, B. M. (1993). Organizational escalation and exit: Lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4), 701–732.
43. R992 — Cho, K. Y., & Critcher, C. R. (2025). Doubling-back aversion: A reluctance to make progress by undoing it. Psychological Science.
44. R993 — Arkes, H. R. (1996). The psychology of waste. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.

Status quo, παράλειψη, προκατάληψη δράσης

45. R344 — Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1990). Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 3(4), 263–277.
46. R345 — Spranca, M., Minsk, E., & Baron, J. (1991). Omission and commission in judgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(1), 76–105.
47. R346 — Baron, J., & Ritov, I. (1994). Reference points and omission bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59(3), 475–498.
48. R347 — DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2013). A solution to the mysteries of morality. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 477–496.
49. R348 — Bar-Eli, M., Azar, O. H., Ritov, I., Keidar-Levin, Y., & Schein, G. (2007). Action bias among elite soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(5), 606–621.
50. R901 — Patt, A., & Zeckhauser, R. (2000). Action bias and environmental decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 21(1), 45–72.
51. R902 — Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading is hazardous to your wealth. Journal of Finance, 55(2), 773–806.
52. R904 — Berger, R. (2011). Should I stay or should I go? On the goalkeeper's dilemma in penalty shootouts. Journal of Economic Psychology.
53. R905 — Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1992). Status quo and omission biases. Advances in Decision Making (pp. 59–78). Elsevier.

Κρίση πιθανοτήτων, θεωρία υποστήριξης, υποπροσθετικότητα

54. R691 — Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994). Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review, 101(4), 547–567.
55. R692 — Fox, C. R., & Tversky, A. (1998). A belief-based account of decision under uncertainty. Management Science, 44(7), 879–895.
56. R693 — Redelmeier, D. A., Koehler, D. J., Liberman, V., & Tversky, A. (1995). Probability judgement in medicine. Medical Decision Making, 15(3), 227–230.
57. R694 — Bearden, J. N., Wallsten, T. S., & Fox, C. R. (2004). Subadditivity and similarity in probabilistic judgments. Working Paper, University of Arizona.
58. R695 — Thomas, R. P., Dougherty, M. R., Sprenger, A. M., & Harbison, J. I. (2008). Diagnostic hypothesis generation and human judgment. Psychological Review, 115(1), 155–185.
59. R696 — Koehler, D. J. (2000). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. In D. Griffin, D. J. Koehler, & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 499–519). Blackwell Publishing.
60. R500 — Lichtenstein, S., & Slovic, P. (1971). Reversals of preference between bids and choices in gambling decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89(1), 46–55.

Παραμέληση πιθανοτήτων, κίνδυνος τρόμου (dread risk), ευρετικός κανόνας συναισθήματος στον κίνδυνο

61. R498 — Rottenstreich, Y., & Hsee, C. K. (2001). Money, kisses, and electric shocks: On the affective psychology of risk. Psychological Science, 12(3), 185–190.
62. R499 — Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Probability neglect: Emotions, worst cases, and law. Yale Law Journal, 112(1), 61–107.
63. R501 — Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Dread risk, September 11, and fatal traffic accidents. Psychological Science, 15(4), 286–287.
64. R937 — Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002). The affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 397–420). Cambridge University Press.
65. R938 — Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17.
66. R940 — Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286.
67. R942 — Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings. In P. Slovic (Ed.), The Perception of Risk (pp. 137–163). Earthscan.

Φαινόμενο αναγνωρίσιμου θύματος, ψυχικό μούδιασμα, αναισθησία στο εύρος

68. R927 — Schelling, T. C. (1968). The life you save may be your own. In S. B. Chase, Jr. (Ed.), Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis (pp. 127–162). Brookings Institution.
69. R928 — Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26(1), 5–16.
70. R929 — Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005). The "identified victim" effect: An identified group, or just a single individual? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(3), 157–167.
71. R930 — Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(2), 143–153.
72. R931 — Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 1–15.
73. R932 — Wang, Y., Tang, J., & Wang, X. (2015). Cultural differences in donation decision-making. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0138219.
74. R936 — Jenni, K. E., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining the "identifiable victim effect." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 14(3), 235–257.
75. R941 — Slovic, P. (2007). "If I look at the mass I will never act": Psychic numbing and genocide. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(2), 79–95.

Θερμό-ψυχρό χάσμα ενσυναίσθησης και σπλαχνικές επιρροές στην απόφαση

76. R338 — Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 272–292.
77. R339 — Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2006). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19(2), 87–98.
78. R340 — Van Boven, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Social projection of transient drive states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1159–1168.
79. R341 — Nordgren, L. F., Banas, K., & MacDonald, G. (2011). Empathy gaps for social pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 120–128.
80. R343 — Loewenstein, G. (2005). Hot-cold empathy gaps and medical decision making. Health Psychology, 24(4S), S49–S56.

Διαχρονική επιλογή και υπερβολική προεξόφληση (hyperbolic discounting)

81. R913 — Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin, 82(4), 463–496.
82. R914 — Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443–478.
83. R915 — McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503–507.
84. R916 — Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nature Neuroscience, 10(12), 1625–1633.
85. R917 — Ruggeri, K., et al. (2022). The globalizability of temporal discounting. Nature Human Behaviour, 6, 1386–1397.
86. R918 — Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O'Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. In G. Loewenstein, D. Read, & R. Baumeister (Eds.), Time and Decision (pp. 13–86). Russell Sage Foundation.
87. R919 — Steinberg, L., et al. (2018). Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation. Developmental Science, 21(2).
88. R120 — Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of Will. Cambridge University Press.

Προκατάληψη προβολής (Projection bias), προκατάληψη αυτοσυγκράτησης

89. R797 — Loewenstein, G., O'Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2003). Projection bias in predicting future utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1209–1248.
90. R798 — Conlin, M., O'Donoghue, T., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2007). Projection bias in catalog orders. American Economic Review, 97(4), 1217–1249.
91. R799 — Busse, M. R., Pope, D. G., Pope, J. C., & Silva-Risso, J. (2015). The psychological effect of weather on car purchases. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 371–414.
92. R800 — Read, D., & van Leeuwen, B. (1998). Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 189–205.
93. R801 — Nordgren, L. F., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2009). The restraint bias: How the illusion of self-restraint promotes impulsive behavior. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1523–1528.

Ψευδοβεβαιότητα (Pseudocertainty), πιθανοτική ασφάλιση, κοινός λόγος

94. R981 — Wakker, P. P., Thaler, R. H., & Tversky, A. (1997). Probabilistic insurance. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 15(1), 7–28.
95. R982 — Herrero, C., Tomás, J., & Villar, A. (2006). Decision theories and probabilistic insurance: An experimental test. Spanish Economic Review, 8(1), 35–52.
96. R983 — Schmidt, U., & Seidl, C. (2014). Reconsidering the common ratio effect. Theory and Decision, 77(3), 323–339.
97. R984 — Li, M., & Chapman, G. B. (2009). "100% of anything looks good": The appeal of one hundred percent. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 156–162.

Αποτελεσματικός αλτρουισμός και φιλοσοφία λήψης αποφάσεων

98. R933 — MacAskill, W. (2015). Doing Good Better. Avery.
99. R934 — Bloom, P. (2016). Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. Ecco.
100. R935 — Singer, P. (2015). The Most Good You Can Do. Yale University Press.

Iyengar & Lepper για την υπερφόρτωση επιλογών

101. R259 — Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 995–1006. (Corrected per addendum item 3.)

Το ζεστό χέρι (Hot hand), η πλάνη του τζογαδόρου (gambler's fallacy), αντίληψη τυχαιότητας

102. R492 — Gilovich, T., Vallone, R., & Tversky, A. (1985). The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences. Cognitive Psychology, 17(3), 295–314.
103. R493 — Miller, J. B., & Sanjurjo, A. (2018). Surprised by the hot hand fallacy? A truth in the law of small numbers. Econometrica, 86(6), 2019–2047.
104. R494 — Clarke, R. D. (1946). An application of the Poisson distribution. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 72(3), 481.
105. R495 — Wagenaar, W. A. (1972). Generation of random sequences by human subjects: A critical survey of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 77(1), 65–72.
106. R496 — Falk, R., & Konold, C. (1997). Making sense of randomness: Implicit encoding as a basis for judgment. Psychological Review, 104(2), 301–318.
107. R517 — Ayton, P., & Fischer, I. (2004). The hot hand fallacy and the gambler's fallacy: Two faces of subjective randomness? Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1369–1378.
108. R518 — Chen, D., Moskowitz, T., & Shue, K. (2016). Decision making under the gambler's fallacy: Evidence from asylum judges, loan officers, and baseball umpires. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3), 1181–1242.
109. R519 — Oppenheimer, D. M., & Monin, B. (2009). The retrospective gambler's fallacy. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(5), 326–334.
110. R520 — Bocskocsky, A., Ezekowitz, J., & Stein, C. (2014). The hot hand: A new approach to an old "fallacy." MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference.
111. R521 — Liu, L., Wang, Y., Sinatra, R., Giles, C. L., Song, C., & Wang, D. (2018). Hot streaks in artistic, cultural, and scientific careers. Nature, 559(7714), 396–399.
112. R522 — Wilke, A., & Barrett, H. C. (2009). The hot hand phenomenon as a cognitive adaptation to clumped resources. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(3), 161–169.
113. R672 — Lecoutre, M. P. (1992). Cognitive models and problem spaces in "purely random" situations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 23, 557–568.
114. R497 — Wainer, H., & Zwerling, H. L. (2006). Evidence that smaller schools do not improve student achievement. Phi Delta Kappan, 88(4), 300–303.

Ψευδαίσθηση εξοικονόμησης χρόνου / κατανάλωσης (MPG) και ευρετικοί κανόνες λήψης αποφάσεων

115. R786 — Svenson, O. (2008). Decisions among time saving options: When intuition is strong and wrong. Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 501–509.
116. R787 — Peer, E. (2010). Speeding and the time-saving bias. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1978–1982.
117. R788 — Svenson, O. (2011). Biased decisions concerning productivity increase options. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(3), 440–445.
118. R789 — Larrick, R. P., & Soll, J. B. (2008). The MPG illusion. Science, 320(5883), 1593–1594.
119. R790 — Fuller, R., et al. (2009). The conditions for inappropriate high speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(6), 2010–2025.
120. R791 — Eriksson, G., Svenson, O., & Eriksson, L. (2013). The time-saving bias: Judgments, cognition, and perception. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 492–497.
121. R792 — Svenson, O. (2009). Driving speed changes and subjective estimates of time savings, accident risks and braking. Applied Cognitive Psychology.

03. Μνήμη και Γνωστική Λειτουργία

Συστήματα μνήμης (επεισοδιακή, σημασιολογική, μνήμη εργασίας), ψευδής μνήμη, μνημονικά αποτελέσματα, μάθηση και διατήρηση, αναπαράσταση γνώσης και η γνωστική αρχιτεκτονική της ανάμνησης και της λήθης.

Βιβλία

1. R17 — Schacter, D. L. (2001). The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers. Houghton Mifflin.
2. R29 — Baddeley, A. D., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3rd ed.). Psychology Press.
3. R30 — Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford University Press.
4. R31 — Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of Human Memory. Psychology Press.
5. R32 — Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse. St. Martin's Press.
6. R33 — Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K. (1991). Witness for the Defense: The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial. St. Martin's Press.
7. R34 — Thompson-Cannino, J., Cotton, R., & Torneo, E. (2009). Picking Cotton: Our Memoir of Injustice and Redemption. St. Martin's Press.
8. R35 — Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford University Press.
9. R36 — Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Harvard University Press / Belknap Press.
10. R37 — Yates, F. A. (1966). The Art of Memory. University of Chicago Press.
11. R38 — Luria, A. R. (1968). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book about a Vast Memory. Harvard University Press.
12. R39 — Shaw, J. (2016). The Memory Illusion: Remembering, Forgetting, and the Science of False Memory. Random House.
13. R40 — Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The Science of False Memory. Oxford University Press.
14. R41 — Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1913). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). Teachers College, Columbia University. (Corrected per addendum item 1.)
15. R42 — Schwartz, B. L. (2002). Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. R44 — Cowan, N. (2005). Working Memory Capacity. Psychology Press.
17. R45 — Neisser, U., & Hyman, I. E. (Eds.). (2000). Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts (2nd ed.). Worth Publishers.
18. R46 — Rubin, D. C. (Ed.). (1996). Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge University Press.
19. R47 — Surprenant, A. M., & Neath, I. (2009). Principles of Memory. Psychology Press.
20. R221 — Paivio, A. (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford University Press.
21. R222 — Engelkamp, J., & Zimmer, H. D. (1994). The Human Memory: A Multi-Modal Approach. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
22. R248 — Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. Springer-Verlag.
23. R287 — Tulving, E., & Donaldson, W. (Eds.). (1972). Organization of Memory. Academic Press.
24. R370 — Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Μνήμη εργασίας (Working memory) και ομαδοποίηση (chunking)

25. R702 — Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97.
26. R703 — Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114.
27. R704 — Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). Academic Press.
28. R705 — Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55–81.
29. R706 — Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208(4448), 1181–1182.
30. R707 — Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411–421.
31. R708 — Logie, R. H. (1995). Visuo-spatial working memory. In Working Memory and Cognition (pp. 33–90). Psychology Press.

Πλαίσιο, κατάσταση, διάθεση, και ειδικότητα κωδικοποίησης (encoding-specificity)

32. R328 — Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–373.
33. R329 — Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325–331.
34. R330 — Eich, J. E. (1980). The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Memory & Cognition, 8(2), 157–173.
35. R331 — Tulving, E. (1974). Cue-dependent forgetting. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 352–373). Academic Press.
36. R332 — Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129–148.
37. R333 — Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39–66.
38. R334 — Matt, G. E., Vázquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 227–255.
39. R335 — Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–1131.

Μνημονικά αποτελέσματα: αλλόκοτο, χιούμορ, διακριτότητα

40. R354 — McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (1986). Bizarre imagery as an effective memory aid. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 54–65.
41. R355 — Geraci, L., McDaniel, M. A., Miller, T. M., & Hughes, M. L. (2013). The bizarreness effect: Evidence for the critical influence of retrieval processes. Memory & Cognition, 41, 1228–1237.
42. R356 — Nicolas, S., & Marchal, A. (1998). Implicit memory, explicit memory, and the picture bizarreness effect. Acta Psychologica, 99(1), 43–58.
43. R357 — McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (1991). Bizarre imagery: Mnemonic benefits and theoretical implications. In R. H. Logie & M. Denis (Eds.), Mental Images in Human Cognition (pp. 183–192). Elsevier.
44. R358 — Schmidt, S. R. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 953–967.
45. R359 — Schmidt, S. R. (2002). The humour effect: Differential processing and privileged retrieval. Memory, 10(2), 127–138.
46. R360 — Kaplan, R. M., & Pascoe, G. C. (1977). Humorous lectures and humorous examples: Some effects upon comprehension and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 61–65.
47. R361 — Takahashi, M., & Inoue, T. (2009). The effects of humor on memory for non-sensical pictures. Acta Psychologica, 132(1), 80–84.
48. R362 — Wyer, R. S., & Collins, J. E. (1992). A theory of humor elicitation. Psychological Review, 99(4), 663–688.
49. R363 — Chambers, A. M., & Payne, J. D. (2014). The role of sleep in the consolidation of humorous memories. Sleep, 37(3), 1–9.
50. R364 — Suls, J. M. (1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The Psychology of Humor (pp. 81–100). Academic Press.
51. R365 — Von Restorff, H. (1933). Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung, 18, 299–342.
52. R366 — Hunt, R. R. (1995). The subtlety of distinctiveness: What von Restorff really did. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(1), 105–112.
53. R367 — Karis, D., Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1984). "P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 177–216.
54. R368 — Schmidt, S. R. (1991). Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? Memory & Cognition, 19(6), 523–542.
55. R369 — Hunt, R. R. (2006). The concept of distinctiveness in memory research. In R. R. Hunt & J. B. Worthen (Eds.), Distinctiveness and Memory (pp. 3–25). Oxford University Press.

Ανωτερότητα εικόνας και διπλή κωδικοποίηση (dual coding)

56. R371 — Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176–206.
57. R372 — Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2(5), 523–528.
58. R373 — Weldon, M. S., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 15(4), 269–280.
59. R374 — Curran, T., & Doyle, J. (2011). Picture superiority doubly dissociates the ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(5), 1247–1262.
60. R375 — Stenberg, G. (2006). Conceptual and perceptual factors in the picture superiority effect. In H. D. Zimmer et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Binding and Memory (pp. 251–273). Oxford University Press.

Φαινόμενο αυτο-αναφοράς (Self-reference effect)

61. R376 — Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 677–688.
62. R377 — Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 371–394.
63. R378 — Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, S. (2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage, 34(3), 1310–1316.
64. R379 — Philippi, C. L., et al. (2012). Damage to the medial prefrontal cortex abolishes the self-reference effect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(2), 475–481.
65. R380 — Denny, B. T., et al. (2012). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(8), 1742–1752.

Απατηλή αλήθεια (Illusory truth), επανάληψη, ευχέρεια

66. R314 — Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107–112.
67. R315 — Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993–1002.
68. R316 — Unkelbach, C., & Rom, S. C. (2017). A referential theory of the repetition-induced truth effect. Cognition, 160, 110–126.
69. R317 — Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880.
70. R318 — Newman, E. J., Garry, M., Bernstein, D. M., Christensen, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2012). Nonprobative photographs (or words) inflate truthiness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(5), 969–974.
71. R319 — Begg, I., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992). Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(4), 446–458.

Φαινόμενο της απλής έκθεσης (Mere exposure effect)

72. R320 — Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, Pt.2), 1–27.
73. R321 — Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265–289.
74. R322 — Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., Vevea, J. L., Citkowicz, M., & Lauber, E. A. (2017). A re-examination of the mere exposure effect. Psychological Bulletin, 143(5), 459–498.
75. R323 — Ballard, I. C., Hennigan, K., & McClure, S. M. (2017). Neural correlates of the mere exposure effect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
76. R324 — Bornstein, R. F. (1992). Subliminal mere exposure effects. In R. F. Bornstein & T. S. Pittman (Eds.), Perception without Awareness (pp. 191–210). Guilford Press.

Παρακολούθηση πηγής, ψευδής μνήμη, προκατάληψη υποστήριξης επιλογής

77. R432 — Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Choice-supportive source monitoring: Do our decisions seem better to us as we age? Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 596–606.
78. R433 — Mather, M., Shafir, E., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Misremembrance of options past: Source monitoring and choice. Psychological Science, 11(2), 132–138.
79. R436 — Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 3–28.

Μνήμη τύπου φλας (Flashbulb) και αυτοβιογραφική μνήμη· τηλεσκοπισμός (telescoping)

80. R747 — Neter, J., & Waksberg, J. (1964). A study of response errors in expenditures data from household interviews. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 59(305), 18–55.
81. R748 — Brown, N. R., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. (1985). The subjective dates of natural events in very-long-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 139–177.
82. R749 — Neisser, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and Accuracy in Recall (pp. 9–31). Cambridge University Press.
83. R750 — Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14(5), 455–461.
84. R751 — Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2007). Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 565–577.
85. R752 — Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Bradburn, N. M. (1990). Reports of elapsed time: Bounding and rounding processes in estimation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(2), 196–213.

Ρόδινη αναδρομή, προκατάληψη ξεθωριάσματος συναισθήματος

86. R753 — Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The "rosy view." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 421–448.
87. R754 — Mitchell, T. R., & Thompson, L. (1994). A theory of temporal adjustments of the evaluation of events. Advances in Managerial Cognition and Organizational Information Processing, 5, 85–114. JAI Press.
88. R755 — Ritchie, T. D., et al. (2015). A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory, 23(3), 278–290.
89. R756 — Walker, W. R., & Skowronski, J. J. (2009). The fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 1122–1136.

Προκατάληψη εκ των υστέρων γνώσης (Hindsight bias)

90. R710 — Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(3), 288–299.
91. R757 — Roese, N. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Hindsight bias. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 411–426.
92. R758 — Hoffrage, U., Hertwig, R., & Gigerenzer, G. (2000). Hindsight bias: A by-product of knowledge updating? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(3), 566–581.
93. R759 — Bernstein, D. M., et al. (2011). The hindsight bias from 3 to 95 years of age. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(2), 378–391.
94. R760 — Harley, E. M., Carlsen, K. A., & Loftus, G. R. (2004). The "saw-it-all-along" effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(5), 960–968.
95. R761 — Hawkins, S. A., & Hastie, R. (1990). Hindsight: Biased judgments of past events after the outcomes are known. In R. M. Hogarth (Ed.), Insights in Decision Making (pp. 311–327). University of Chicago Press.

Λεκτική επισκίαση (Verbal overshadowing), κορύφωση-τέλος (peak-end), παραμέληση διάρκειας

96. R509 — Schooler, J. W., & Engstler-Schooler, T. Y. (1990). Verbal overshadowing of visual memories. Cognitive Psychology, 22(1), 36–71.
97. R303 — Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, B. L., Schreiber, C. A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science, 4(6), 401–405.

Αυτο-συνέπεια / αυτοβιογραφική αναθεώρηση

98. R804 — Ross, M. (1989). Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96(2), 341–357.
99. R805 — Markus, G. B. (1986). Stability and change in political attitudes: Observed, recalled, and "explained." Political Behavior, 8(1), 21–44.
100. R806 — Conway, M., & Ross, M. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 738–748.
101. R807 — Greene, C. M., & Murphy, G. (2020). Can false memories be created for political content? Psychological Science, 31(12), 1584–1597.
102. R808 — Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults' earliest childhood recollection and self-description. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 220–233.
103. R809 — Ross, M., & Wilson, A. E. (2003). Autobiographical memory and conceptions of self: Getting better all the time. In D. L. Schacter & E. Scarry (Eds.), Memory, Brain, and Belief (pp. 199–226). Harvard University Press.
104. R810 — Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist.

Φαινόμενο παραγωγής (Generation effect), πρακτική ανάκτησης, μάθηση

105. R950 — Slamecka, N. J., & Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 592–604.
106. R951 — Rosner, Z. A., Elman, J. A., & Shimamura, A. P. (2013). The generation effect: Activating broad neural circuits during memory encoding. Cortex, 49(7), 1901–1909.
107. R952 — Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255.
108. R953 — Kinoshita, S. (1989). Generation enhances semantic processing? Memory & Cognition, 17(5), 563–571.
109. R954 — Jacoby, L. L. (1978). On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 649–667.
110. R962 — Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"? Psychological Science, 19(6), 585–592.
111. R963 — Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe & A. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing About Knowing (pp. 185–205). MIT Press.
112. R964 — Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes (Vol. 2, pp. 35–67). Erlbaum.

Ύπνος και εδραίωση μνήμης (προσθήκες)

113. A27 — Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126.
114. A28 — Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272–1278.
115. A29 — Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013). About sleep's role in memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2), 681–766.

Μυθοπλασία (Confabulation) και νευροψυχολογία της μνήμης

116. R484 — Korsakoff, S. (1889). Psychosis polyneuritica seu Cerebropathia psychica toxaemica. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten.
117. R485 — Moscovitch, M. (1989). Confabulation and the frontal system: Strategic versus associative retrieval in neuropsychological theories of memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444.
118. R486 — Schnider, A. (2003). Spontaneous confabulation and the adaptation of thought to ongoing reality. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(8), 662–671.
119. R487 — Fotopoulou, A. (2010). The affective neuropsychology of confabulation and delusion. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 15(1-3), 38–63.
120. R488 — Sacks, O. (1985). The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales. Summit Books.
121. R489 — Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain. Ecco.
122. R490 — Kopelman, M. D. (1999). Varieties of Confabulation and Delusion. Cambridge University Press.
123. R491 — Gilboa, A. (2006). Strategic retrieval, confabulations, and delusions: Theory and data. In R. Bentall (Ed.), Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders (pp. 55–92). Martin Dunitz.

Η κατάρα της γνώσης

124. R510 — Birch, S. A., & Bloom, P. (2007). The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs. Psychological Science, 18(5), 382–386.
125. R709 — Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Weber, M. (1989). The curse of knowledge in economic settings: An experimental analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 97(5), 1232–1254.
126. R711 — Newton, E. L. (1990). The Rocky Road from Actions to Intentions (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University).

Μνήμη αυτοπτών μαρτύρων

127. R624 — Wells, G. L., & Olson, E. A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277–295.

04. Αντίληψη, Προσοχή και Συνειδητότητα

Οπτική και κοινωνική αντίληψη, προσοχή και τύφλωση απροσεξίας (inattentional blindness), ανθρωπομορφισμός και ανίχνευση δράστη, ψυχοφυσική, προγνωστική επεξεργασία, το ασυνείδητο και σχετικά θεμέλια.

Βιβλία

1. R25 — Mlodinow, L. (2012). Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior. Pantheon.
2. R50 — Clark, A. (2013). Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind. Oxford University Press.
3. R51 — Gregory, R. L. (1997). Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing. Princeton University Press.
4. R52 — Pfungst, O. (1911). Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten): A Contribution to Experimental Animal and Human Psychology. Henry Holt.
5. R173 — Guthrie, S. (1993). Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. Oxford University Press.
6. R174 — Barrett, J. L. (2004). Why Would Anyone Believe in God? AltaMira Press.
7. R176 — Michotte, A. (1963). The Perception of Causality. Basic Books. (Original work published 1946)
8. R228 — Gescheider, G. A. (1997). Psychophysics: The Fundamentals (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. R229 — Baird, J. C., & Noma, E. (1978). Fundamentals of Scaling and Psychophysics. Wiley.
10. R230 — Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf und Härtel.
11. R246 — Bornstein, R. F., & Pittman, T. S. (Eds.). (1992). Perception without Awareness. Guilford Press.
12. R260 — Conrad, K. (1958). Die beginnende Schizophrenie. Thieme.
13. R261 — Rorschach, H. (1921). Psychodiagnostik. Ernst Bircher.
14. R288 — Hubbard, T. (Ed.). (2018). Spatial Biases in Perception and Cognition. Cambridge University Press.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Προσοχή και τύφλωση απροσεξίας (inattentional blindness)

15. R309 — Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24.
16. R310 — MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20.
17. R311 — Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059–1074.
18. R312 — Drew, T., Võ, M. L. H., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). The invisible gorilla strikes again: Sustained inattentional blindness in expert observers. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1848–1853.
19. R313 — MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2015). The attentional bias modification approach to anxiety intervention. In S. G. Hofmann (Ed.), Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective (pp. 236–258). Wiley-Blackwell.

Προγνωστική επεξεργασία και αντίληψη από πάνω προς τα κάτω

20. R325 — Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138.
21. R326 — Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2016). Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for "top-down" effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e229.
22. R327 — Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934.

Επιλεκτική αντίληψη, προσδοκία, αντίληψη

23. R437 — Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1949). On the perception of incongruity: A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.
24. R438 — Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585.
25. R439 — Strange, W. (2011). Automatic selective perception (ASP) of first and second language speech. Journal of Phonetics, 39(4), 456–466.

Φαινόμενα του πειραματιστή και εξάρτηση από τον παρατηρητή

26. R440 — Rosenthal, R., & Fode, K. L. (1963). The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8(3), 183–189.
27. R441 — Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. The Urban Review, 3(1), 16–20.
28. R442 — Jussim, L., & Harber, K. D. (2005). Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies: Knowns and unknowns, resolved and unresolved controversies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(2), 131–155.
29. R443 — Dror, I. E., & Hampikian, G. (2011). Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation. Science & Justice, 51(4), 204–208.
30. R445 — Rosenthal, R. (2002). The Pygmalion effect and its mediating mechanisms. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving Academic Achievement: Impact of Psychological Factors on Education (pp. 25–36). Academic Press.
31. R446 — Rosenthal, R. (1976). Experimenter expectancy and the reassuring nature of the null hypothesis decision procedure. Psychological Bulletin Monograph Supplement, 70, 30–47.
32. R447 — Proietti, M., et al. (2019). Experimental test of local observer-independence. Science Advances, 5(9), eaaw9832.
33. R448 — Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2011). Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 224–238.
34. R449 — De Quidt, J., Haushofer, J., & Roth, C. (2018). Measuring and bounding experimenter demand. American Economic Review, 108(11), 3266–3302.

Τα συναισθήματα και οι προτιμήσεις δεν χρειάζονται συμπεράσματα (Zajonc)

35. R247 — Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychological Association.
36. R939 — Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175.

Παρειδωλία και αντίληψη προσώπου

37. R529 — Rossion, B., et al. (2023). Human intracerebral recordings reveal the neural substrate of face pareidolia. Journal of Neuroscience.
38. R530 — Taubert, J., et al. (2017). Face pareidolia recruits mechanisms for detecting human social attention. Psychological Science.
39. R531 — Tomonaga, M., & Kawakami, F. (2016). Face perception in chimpanzees: Pareidolia and comparative studies. Primates.

Ανθρωπομορφισμός, ανίχνευση δράστη, αντίληψη νου

40. R532 — Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864–886.
41. R533 — Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 243–259.
42. R534 — Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619.
43. R535 — Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17(10), 847–853.
44. R536 — Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113–117.
45. R537 — Waytz, A., Epley, N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Social cognition unbound: Insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 58–62.
46. R538 — Piaget, J. (1929). The Child's Conception of the World. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
47. R539 — Mori, M. (2012). The uncanny valley (K. F. MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics and Automation, 19(2), 98–100. (Original work published 1970)
48. R723 — Barrett, J. L. (2000). Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 29–34.
49. R724 — Kelemen, D., & Rosset, E. (2009). The human function compunction: Teleological explanation in adults. Cognition, 111(1), 138–143.
50. R725 — Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(1), 47–66.

Ψυχοφυσική (Weber-Fechner-Stevens)

51. R401 — Weber, E. H. (1834). Concerning touch. In De Pulsu, resorptione, auditu et tactu. Koehler.
52. R420 — Stevens, S. S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64(3), 153–181.
53. R421 — Penconek, M. (2025). Weber's Law as the emergent phenomenon of choices based on global inhibition. Frontiers in Neuroscience.
54. R422 — Luce, R. D., & Krumhansl, C. L. (1988). Measurement, scaling, and psychophysics. In R. C. Atkinson et al. (Eds.), Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 3–74). Wiley.

Φαινόμενα της μαζορέτας / ιεραρχική κωδικοποίηση

55. R634 — Walker, D., & Vul, E. (2014). Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive. Psychological Science, 25(1), 230–235.
56. R635 — Carragher, D. (2020). The Cheerleader Effect in facial and body attractiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(5), 785–798.
57. R636 — Ojiro, Y., et al. (2015). Two replications of 'Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive.' PLOS ONE.
58. R637 — Ariely, D. (2001). Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12(2), 157–162.
59. R638 — Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1(2), 115–121.
60. R639 — Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory. Visual Cognition (pp. 108–124). Psychology Press.

Ελκυστικότητα και ομορφιά

61. R197 — Hamermesh, D. S. (2011). Beauty Pays: Why Attractive People Are More Successful. Princeton University Press.

Αναζήτηση καινοτομίας και διέγερση

62. R921 — Fantz, R. L. (1964). Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146(3644), 668–670.
63. R923 — Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
64. R924 — Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573–588.

05. Αυτοαντίληψη και Αυτογνωσία

Όρια ενδοσκόπησης, αυταπάτη, υπερβολική αυτοπεποίθηση, ιδιοτελείς αποδόσεις, ταυτότητα, νοοτροπία, το φαινόμενο του προβολέα (spotlight effect), ψευδαίσθηση διαφάνειας, ασύμμετρη ενόραση και η αρχιτεκτονική της αυτογνωσίας.

Βιβλία

1. R104 — Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: Why We Misunderstand What Others Think, Believe, Feel, and Want. Knopf.
2. R105 — Dunning, D. (2005). Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself. Psychology Press.
3. R106 — Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. Harvard University Press.
4. R107 — Klein, S. B. (2012). The Self and Its Brain in Memory. Psychology Press.
5. R108 — Gallagher, S. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Self. Oxford University Press.
6. R109 — Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (2011). Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
7. R116 — Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
8. R217 — Maslow, A. (1966). The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance. Harper & Row.

Νοοτροπία (Mindset) (προσθήκες)

9. A45 — Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.
10. A46 — Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Υπερβολική αυτοπεποίθηση και λανθασμένη βαθμονόμηση (miscalibration)

11. R811 — Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B., & Phillips, L. D. (1982). Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 306–334). Cambridge University Press.
12. R812 — Moore, D. A., & Healy, P. J. (2008). The trouble with overconfidence. Psychological Review, 115(2), 502–517.
13. R813 — Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47(2), 143–148.
14. R814 — Yates, J. F., Lee, J. W., & Shinotsuka, H. (1998). Cross-cultural variations in probability judgment accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(2), 106–134.
15. R816 — Fischhoff, B. (1982). Debiasing. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 422–444). Cambridge University Press.
16. R839 — Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20(2), 159–183.
17. R840 — Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(4), 552–564.
18. R841 — Gigerenzer, G., Hoffrage, U., & Kleinbölting, H. (1991). Probabilistic mental models. Psychological Review, 98(4), 506–528.
19. R842 — Yates, J. F., Lee, J. W., & Bush, J. G. (1997). General knowledge overconfidence: Cross-national variations, response style, and "reality." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(2), 87–94.
20. R843 — Merkle, E. C. (2009). The disutility of the hard-easy effect in choice confidence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 204–213.
21. R844 — Baranski, J. V., & Petrusic, W. M. (1994). The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments. Perception & Psychophysics, 55(4), 412–428.

Dunning-Kruger και ανειδίκευτοι-ανενημέρωτοι

22. R845 — Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134.
23. R846 — Gignac, G. E., & Zajenkowski, M. (2020). The Dunning-Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact. Intelligence, 80, 101449.
24. R847 — Schlösser, T., Dunning, D., Johnson, K. L., & Kruger, J. (2013). How unaware are the unskilled? Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 85–100.
25. R848 — Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning-Kruger Effect: On being ignorant of one's own ignorance. In J. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 247–296). Academic Press.

Εγωκεντρικές προκαταλήψεις και αίσθηση σημαντικότητας

26. R849 — Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 322–336.
27. R850 — Kruger, J., Epley, N., Parker, J., & Ng, Z. W. (2005). Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 925–936.
28. R852 — Schroeder, J., Caruso, E. M., & Epley, N. (2016). Many hands make overlooked work. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(2), 238–246.
29. R712 — Keysar, B., & Barr, D. J. (2002). Self-anchoring in conversation: Why language users do not do what they "should." In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 150–166). Cambridge University Press.
30. R716 — Keysar, B. (1994). The illusory transparency of intention: Linguistic perspective taking in text. Cognitive Psychology, 26(2), 165–208.

Ψευδαίσθηση διαφάνειας και φαινόμενο του προβολέα (spotlight effect)

31. R713 — Gilovich, T., Savitsky, K., & Medvec, V. H. (1998). The illusion of transparency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 332–346.
32. R714 — Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2003). The illusion of transparency and the alleviation of speech anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 618–625.
33. R715 — Vorauer, J. D., & Claude, S. D. (1998). Perceived versus actual transparency of goals in negotiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(4), 371–385.
34. R717 — Kassin, S. M. (2005). On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk? American Psychologist, 60(3), 215–228.
35. R718 — Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
36. R719 — Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3), 412–414.
37. R720 — Kleck, R. E., & Strenta, A. (1980). Perceptions of the impact of negatively valued physical characteristics on social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 861–873.
38. R721 — Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025–1034.
39. R722 — Gilbert, D. T., Brown, R. P., Pinel, E. C., & Wilson, T. D. (2000). The illusion of external agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 690–700.

Ψευδαίσθηση ασύμμετρης ενόρασης, μανδύας αορατότητας

40. R726 — Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K., & Ross, L. (2001). You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 639–656.
41. R727 — Vazire, S. (2010). Who knows what about a person? The Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 281–300.
42. R728 — Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2024). Feeling known versus knowing: The role of perceived understanding in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
43. R729 — Park, J., Choi, I., & Cho, G. H. (2006). The illusion of asymmetric insight. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 20(2), 1–18.
44. R730 — Boothby, E. J., Clark, M. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2016). The invisibility cloak illusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Μη ρεαλιστική αισιοδοξία, ιδιοτελής προκατάληψη (self-serving bias)

45. R853 — Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806–820.
46. R854 — Sharot, T., Korn, C. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality. Nature Neuroscience, 14(11), 1475–1479.
47. R855 — Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 595–607.
48. R856 — Shepperd, J. A., Klein, W. M. P., Waters, E. A., & Weinstein, N. D. (2013). Taking stock of unrealistic optimism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 395–411.
49. R857 — Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 213–225.
50. R858 — Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711–747.
51. R859 — Blackwood, N. J., et al. (2003). Self-responsibility and the self-serving bias: An fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1076–1085.

Προκατάληψη αισιοδοξίας, απαισιοδοξία, αμυντική απαισιοδοξία

52. R117 — Sharot, T. (2011). The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain. Vintage / Pantheon.
53. R118 — Norem, J. K. (2001). The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. Basic Books.
54. R245 — Johnson, D. D. P. (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions. Harvard University Press.
55. R779 — Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(4), 441–485.
56. R780 — Mansour, S. B., Jouini, E., & Napp, C. (2006). Is there a 'pessimistic' bias in individual beliefs? Theory and Decision, 61, 345–362.
57. R781 — Nesse, R. M. (2005). Natural selection and the regulation of defenses: A signal detection analysis of the smoke detector principle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(1), 88–105.
58. R782 — Chang, E. C., & Asakawa, K. (2003). Cultural variations on optimistic and pessimistic bias for self versus a sibling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 569–581.
59. R784 — Nesse, R. M. (2019). The smoke detector principle: Signal detection and optimal defense regulation. In Good Reasons for Bad Feelings (pp. 75–92). Dutton.
60. R785 — Lovallo, D., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Delusions of success: How optimism undermines executives' decisions. Harvard Business Review, 81(7), 56–63.

Ψευδαίσθηση ελέγχου, απατηλή ανωτερότητα, ηθική ανωτερότητα

61. R869 — Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.
62. R870 — Jenkins, H. H., & Ward, W. C. (1965). Judgment of contingency between responses and outcomes. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 79(1), 1–17.
63. R871 — Thompson, S. C. (1999). Illusions of control: How we overestimate our personal influence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(6), 187–190.
64. R872 — Gino, F., Sharek, Z., & Moore, D. A. (2011). Keeping the illusion of control under control. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 114(2), 104–114.
65. R873 — Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Addison-Wesley.
66. R874 — Thompson, S. C. (2004). Illusions of control. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions (pp. 115–125). Psychology Press.
67. R876 — Tappin, B. M., & McKay, R. T. (2017). The illusion of moral superiority. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 623–631.
68. R877 — Loughnan, S., et al. (2011). Economic inequality is linked to biased self-perception. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1254–1258.
69. R878 — Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(1), 4–27.

Φαινόμενο Forer / Barnum

70. R457 — Forer, B. R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 118–123.
71. R458 — Dickson, D. H., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). The "Barnum effect" in personality assessment: A review of the literature. Psychological Reports, 57, 367–382.
72. R459 — Meehl, P. E. (1956). Wanted—A good cookbook. American Psychologist, 11, 263–272.
73. R460 — Stagner, R. (1958). The gullibility of personnel managers. Personnel Psychology, 11, 347–352.
74. R461 — Rogers, P., & Soule, J. (2009). Cross-cultural differences in the acceptance of Barnum profiles. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 381–399.
75. R462 — Snyder, C. R., Shenkel, R. J., & Lowery, C. R. (1977). Acceptance of personality interpretations: The "Barnum effect" and beyond. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(1), 104–114.

Το φαινόμενο της στρουθοκαμήλου, αποφυγή πληροφοριών

76. R452 — Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & Seppi, D. (2009). The ostrich effect: Selective attention to information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(2), 95–115.
77. R453 — Galai, D., & Sade, O. (2006). The "ostrich effect" and the relationship between the liquidity and the yields of financial assets. Journal of Business, 79(5), 2741–2759.
78. R454 — Sicherman, N., Loewenstein, G., Seppi, D., & Utkus, S. (2016). Financial attention. Review of Financial Studies, 29(4), 863–897.
79. R455 — Banerjee, R., & Zanella, G. (2014). Experiencing breast cancer at the workplace. Journal of Public Economics, 109, 134–152.
80. R456 — Li, H., Meng, J., Song, X., & Zheng, S. (2021). Information avoidance and medical screening: A field experiment in China. Management Science, 67(7), 4252–4272.

Αυτο-υπονόμευση (Self-handicapping), αυτο-επιβεβαίωση, μείωση γνωστικής ασυμφωνίας

81. R434 — Lieberman, M. D., Ochsner, K. N., Gilbert, D. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Do amnesics exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction? Psychological Science, 12(2), 135–140.
82. R435 — Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4), 389–400.

Κοινωνική επιθυμητότητα και προκατάληψη απόκρισης

83. R817 — Edwards, A. L. (1953). The relationship between the judged desirability of a trait and the probability that the trait will be endorsed. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37(2), 90–93.
84. R818 — Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354.
85. R819 — Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609.
86. R820 — Jones, E. E., & Sigall, H. (1971). The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349–364.
87. R821 — Lalwani, A. K., Shavitt, S., & Johnson, T. (2006). What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 165–178.
88. R822 — Uziel, L. (2010). Rethinking social desirability scales. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 243–262.
89. R823 — Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson et al. (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Academic Press.
90. R824 — Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence. Wiley.
91. R825 — Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The Role of Constructs in Psychological and Educational Measurement (pp. 49–69). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Υπερεκτίμηση σεξουαλικού ενδιαφέροντος

92. R739 — Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 81–91.
93. R740 — Bendixen, M., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2014). Revisiting the sexual overperception bias. Evolutionary Psychology, 12(5), 879–896.
94. R741 — Abbey, A. (1982). Sex differences in attributions for friendly behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(5), 830–838.
95. R742 — Farris, C., Treat, T. A., Viken, R. J., & McFall, R. M. (2008). Perceptual mechanisms that characterize gender differences in decoding women's sexual intent. Psychological Science, 19(4), 348–354.
96. R743 — Perilloux, C., Easton, J. A., & Buss, D. M. (2012). The misperception of sexual interest. Psychological Science, 23(2), 146–151.
97. R744 — Buss, D. M. (2016). The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (Revised ed.). Basic Books.
98. R745 — Haselton, M. G. (2018). Hormonal: The Hidden Intelligence of Hormones. Little, Brown and Company.
99. R746 — Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 724–746). Wiley.

Θεμέλια και κλασικά έργα

100. R43 — James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology (Vol. 1). Henry Holt and Company.

06. Κοινωνική Ψυχολογία και Δυναμική Ομάδων

Συμμόρφωση, υπακοή, απόδοση, ομαδική σκέψη (groupthink), κοινωνική γνώση, κοινωνική επιρροή, πίστη σε έναν δίκαιο κόσμο και ο θεμελιώδης κανόνας της κοινωνικής ψυχολογίας.

Βιβλία

1. R78 — Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (2011). The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. Pinter & Martin. (Original work published 1991)
2. R79 — Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. John Wiley & Sons.
3. R87 — Greene, J. (2013). Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. Penguin Press.
4. R88 — Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage Books.
5. R89 — Sapolsky, R. (2017). Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Press.
6. R100 — Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
7. R101 — Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. University of Minnesota Press.
8. R102 — Aronson, E. (2012). The Social Animal (11th ed.). Worth Publishers.
9. R110 — Bower, G. H., & Forgas, J. P. (2001). Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10. R128 — Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
11. R129 — Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
12. R135 — Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. Doubleday.
13. R183 — Lerner, M. J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum Press.
14. R184 — Montada, L., & Lerner, M. J. (Eds.). (1998). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World. Plenum Press.
15. R185 — Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct. Guilford Press.
16. R282 — Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. Harper & Row.
17. R283 — Blass, T. (2004). The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. Basic Books.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Σιωπηρή (Implicit) κοινωνική γνώση (διορθωμένο)

18. R253 — Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. (Corrected per addendum item 2.)

Μελέτες υπακοής του Milgram

19. R588 — Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.
20. R589 — Milgram, S. (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18(1), 57–76.
21. R590 — Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the "nature" of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo's studies really show. PLOS Biology, 10(11), e1001426.
22. R591 — Hofling, C. K., Brotzman, E., Dalrymple, S., Graves, N., & Pierce, C. M. (1966). An experimental study in nurse-physician relationships. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 143(2), 171–180.
23. R592 — Doliński, D., Grzyb, T., Folwarczny, M., Grzybała, P., Krzyszycha, K., Martynowska, K., & Trojanowski, J. (2017). Would you deliver an electric shock in 2015? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 927–933.
24. R593 — Blass, T. (1999). The Milgram paradigm after 35 years. In T. Blass (Ed.), Obedience to Authority: Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm (pp. 35–59). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Συμμόρφωση Asch, φαινόμενο μίμησης (bandwagon), κοινωνική απόδειξη

25. R600 — Leibenstein, H. (1950). Bandwagon, snob, and Veblen effects in the theory of consumers' demand. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64(2), 183–207.
26. R601 — Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, Leadership and Men (pp. 177–190). Carnegie Press.
27. R602 — Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111–137.
28. R603 — Franzen, A., & Mader, S. (2023). Replication of the Asch conformity experiments in Switzerland. Social Psychology, 54(3), 155–167.
29. R604 — Ge, X., & Hou, Y. (2025). Pathogen threat increases conformity to collective choices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
30. R605 — Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70.
31. R606 — Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258–290.

Το σπιράλ της σιωπής (Spiral of silence)

32. R182 — Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press.

Θεωρία απόδοσης (θεμελιώδες σφάλμα απόδοσης, ηθοποιός-παρατηρητής)

33. R838 — Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173–220). Academic Press.
34. R861 — Kelley, H. H. (1971). Attribution in social interaction. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (pp. 1–26). General Learning Press.
35. R862 — Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (pp. 79–94). General Learning Press.
36. R863 — Nisbett, R. E., Caputo, C., Legant, P., & Marecek, J. (1973). Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2), 154–164.
37. R864 — Storms, M. D. (1973). Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing actors' and observers' points of view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2), 165–175.
38. R865 — Malle, B. F. (2006). The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 895–919.
39. R866 — Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 961–978.
40. R867 — Masuda, T., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Perceiver-induced constraint and attitude attribution in Japan and the US. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 409–416.
41. R868 — Malle, B. F. (2011). Attribution theories: How people make sense of behavior. In D. Chadee (Ed.), Theories in Social Psychology (pp. 72–95). Wiley-Blackwell.
42. R879 — Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 1–24.
43. R880 — Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 21–38.
44. R881 — Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 47–63.
45. R888 — Kammer, D. (1982). Differences in trait ascriptions to self and friend. Psychological Reports, 51, 99–102.
46. R889 — Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(9), 949–960.

Αμυντική απόδοση και επίρριψη ευθυνών

47. R882 — Shaver, K. G. (1970). Defensive attribution: Effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14(2), 101–113.
48. R883 — Walster, E. (1966). Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(1), 73–79.
49. R884 — Burger, J. M. (1981). Motivational biases in the attribution of responsibility for an accident. Psychological Bulletin, 90(3), 496–512.
50. R885 — Grubb, A., & Harrower, J. (2008). Attribution of blame in cases of rape. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(5), 396–405.
51. R886 — Gyekye, S. A., & Salminen, S. (2004). Causal attributions of Ghanaian industrial workers for accident occurrence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11), 2324–2342.
52. R887 — Shaver, K. G. (1985). The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. In The Attribution of Blame (pp. 1–35). Springer.

Πίστη σε έναν δίκαιο κόσμο

53. R577 — Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203–210.
54. R578 — Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3), 65–89.
55. R579 — Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the Personal Belief in a Just World Scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79–98.
56. R580 — Hafer, C. L., & Bègue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 128–167.

Εξουσία, αυστηρότητα μύησης, δικαιολόγηση προσπάθειας

57. R890 — Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 177–181.
58. R891 — Gerard, H. B., & Mathewson, G. C. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(3), 278–287.
59. R892 — Axsom, D., & Cooper, J. (1985). Cognitive dissonance and psychotherapy: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(2), 149–160.
60. R893 — Kitayama, S., et al. (2004). Culture and dissonance: The case of choice. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

Γνωστική ασυμφωνία μετά την απόφαση, ο εγκέφαλος στην πίστη

61. R431 — Brehm, J. W. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52(3), 384–389.

Παρευρισκόμενος, πανικός και συμπεριφορά σε έκτακτη ανάγκη

62. R673 — Quarantelli, E. L. (1954). The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology, 60(3), 267–275.
63. R674 — Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215–221.
64. R675 — Leach, J. (2004). Why people 'freeze' in an emergency. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 539–542.

Ηθική αδειοδότηση (Moral licensing)

65. R571 — Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33–43.
66. R572 — Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2006). Licensing effect in consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(2), 259–266.
67. R573 — Mazar, N., & Zhong, C. B. (2010). Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science, 21(4), 494–498.
68. R574 — Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20(4), 523–528.
69. R575 — Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 540–558.
70. R576 — Effron, D. A., & Raj, M. (2020). Misinformation and morality. Psychological Science, 31(1), 75–87.

Επιχειρηματολογία, πλάνες, συλλογιστική σε ομάδες

71. R582 — van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
72. R583 — Hamblin, C. (1970). Fallacies. Methuen & Co.
73. R584 — Walton, D. (1995). A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy. University of Alabama Press.
74. R585 — van Eemeren, F. H. (2010). Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing.
75. R586 — Walton, D. (2010). Why fallacies appear to be better arguments than they are. Informal Logic, 30(2), 159–184.

Ισότητα (Equity), κοινωνική ανταλλαγή

76. R875 — Van Yperen, N. W., & Buunk, B. P. (1991). Equity theory and exchange and communal orientation from a cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 5–20.

Ψευδής συναίνεση (False consensus)

77. R833 — Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279–301.
78. R834 — Krueger, J. (1994). The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 596–610.
79. R835 — Choi, I., & Cha, O. (2019). Cross-cultural examination of the false consensus effect. International Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 62–74.
80. R836 — Bosveld, W., Koomen, W., & Vogelaar, R. (1997). Construing a social issue: Effects on attitudes and the false consensus effect. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36(3), 263–272.
81. R837 — Luzsa, R., & Mayr, S. (2021). False consensus in the echo chamber. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 15(1).

Ομολογίες και ανίχνευση εξαπάτησης

82. R136 — Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities. Wiley.
83. R244 — Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook. Wiley.

Απόκριση σε έρευνα, προκατάληψη ευγένειας (courtesy bias)

84. R906 — Jones, E. L. (1963). The courtesy bias in South-East Asian surveys. International Social Science Journal, 15(1), 70–76.
85. R907 — Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2001). Response styles in marketing research: A cross-national investigation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 143–156.
86. R908 — Blair, G., & Imai, K. (2012). Statistical analysis of list experiments. Political Analysis, 20(1), 47–77.
87. R909 — Parkinson, S. (2013). Organizing rebellion: Rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 418–432.
88. R910 — Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54(2), 93–105.
89. R911 — Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The Psychology of Survey Response. Cambridge University Press.
90. R912 — Triandis, H. C. (1994). Response styles. In Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (pp. 143–162). Cambridge University Press.

Αυτοεκπληρούμενη προφητεία σε ομάδες

91. R482 — Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M., & Ross, L. (2004). The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining Prisoner's Dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1175–1185.

Παρεμβάσεις παράδοξης σκέψης

92. R483 — Hameiri, B., Porat, R., Bar-Tal, D., Bieler, A., & Halperin, E. (2014). Paradoxical thinking as a new avenue of intervention to promote peace. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(30), 10996–11001.

07. Διομαδικές Σχέσεις και Προκαταλήψεις

Στερεότυπα, δυναμική εσωτερικής/εξωτερικής ομάδας, διακρίσεις, προκατάληψη, κοινωνική ταυτότητα, απανθρωποποίηση και θεωρία διομαδικής επαφής.

Βιβλία

1. R80 — Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
2. R81 — Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
3. R82 — Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2013). Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. Delacorte Press.
4. R83 — Eberhardt, J. L. (2019). Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do. Viking.
5. R84 — Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge University Press.
6. R85 — Brewer, M. B., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2004). Self and Social Identity. Blackwell Publishing.
7. R86 — Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Psychology Press.
8. R90 — Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. University of Oklahoma Book Exchange.
9. R91 — Sherif, M. (1966). Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10. R92 — Jussim, L. (2012). Social Perception and Social Reality: Why Accuracy Dominates Bias and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. Oxford University Press.
11. R93 — Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
12. R94 — Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
13. R95 — Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. Harper & Brothers.
14. R96 — Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
15. R97 — Fanon, F. (1952). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press.
16. R98 — Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to Be an Antiracist. One World.
17. R99 — Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House.
18. R227 — Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable Conflicts: Socio-Psychological Foundations and Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
19. R254 — Payne, K. (2017). The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die. Viking.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Ομαδικό σφάλμα απόδοσης και απόλυτο σφάλμα απόδοσης (ultimate attribution error)

20. R540 — Allison, S. T., & Messick, D. M. (1985). The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(6), 563–579.
21. R541 — Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A., & Fiske, S. T. (1998). Group entitativity and social attribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10), 1089–1103.
22. R542 — Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A., & Buidin, G. (2001). Threat and the group attribution error. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 437–446.
23. R543 — Rutchick, A. M., Smyth, J. M., & Konrath, S. (2009). Seeing red (and blue): Effects of electoral college depictions on political group perception. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9(1), 269–282.
24. R544 — Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476.
25. R545 — Taylor, D. M., & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in a South Indian context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 162–171.
26. R546 — Hewstone, M. (1990). The 'ultimate attribution error'? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 311–335.
27. R547 — Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949–971.
28. R548 — Waytz, A., Young, L. L., & Ginges, J. (2014). Motive attribution asymmetry for love vs. hate drives intractable conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(44), 15687–15692.
29. R549 — Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 291–355). Academic Press.
30. R550 — Hewstone, M., & Ward, C. (1985). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in Southeast Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 614–623.

Κοινωνική ταυτότητα, στερεοτυποποίηση, προκατάληψη

31. R551 — Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
32. R552 — Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902.
33. R553 — Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
34. R554 — Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18.
35. R555 — Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15.
36. R556 — Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., pp. 357–411). McGraw-Hill.

Ψυχολογικός ουσιοκρατισμός (Psychological essentialism)

37. R557 — Medin, D. L., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and Analogical Reasoning (pp. 179–195). Cambridge University Press.
38. R558 — Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2011). Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 800–818.
39. R559 — Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(1), 113–127.
40. R560 — Gelman, S. A. (2003). The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought. Oxford University Press.
41. R561 — Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development. MIT Press.
42. R562 — Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds. MIT Press.
43. R563 — Yzerbyt, V., Corneille, O., & Estrada, C. (2001). The interplay of subjective essentialism and entitativity in the formation of stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 141–155.

Αξιολόγηση πόνου και φυλετική προκατάληψη

44. R342 — Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(16), 4296–4301.

Ομοιογένεια εξωτερικής ομάδας και υποανθρωποποίηση

45. R613 — Quattrone, G. A., & Jones, E. E. (1980). The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 141–152.
46. R614 — Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 165–188.
47. R615 — Leyens, J. P., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186–197.
48. R616 — Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W., Brewer, M. B., & Takemura, K. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in relationship- and group-based trust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 48–62.
49. R618 — Linville, P. W. (1982). The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 279–328). Academic Press.

Προκατάληψη ομοιογένειας στο AI / LLMs (διορθωμένο)

50. R617 — Lee, M. H. J., Montgomery, J. M., & Lai, C. K. (2024). Large language models portray socially subordinate groups as more homogeneous, consistent with a bias observed in humans. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '24), 1321–1340. (Corrected per addendum item 7.)

Μνήμη προσώπων διασταυρούμενης φυλής / ίδιας φυλής

51. R619 — Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(4), 330–334.
52. R620 — Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3–35.
53. R621 — Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1168–1187.
54. R622 — Kelly, D. J., et al. (2007). Cross-race preferences for same-race faces extend beyond the African versus Caucasian contrast in 3-month-old infants. Infancy, 11(1), 87–95.
55. R623 — Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A.-M., Ventureyra, V. A. G., & de Schonen, S. (2005). Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychological Science, 16(6), 440–444.

Παράδειγμα ελάχιστης ομάδας και ενοριακός αλτρουισμός

56. R625 — Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96–102.
57. R626 — Choi, J. K., & Bowles, S. (2007). The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science, 318(5850), 636–640.
58. R627 — Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 1–40.
59. R628 — Turner, J. C. (1987). A self-categorization theory. In J. C. Turner et al., Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory (pp. 42–67). Basil Blackwell.

Το φαινόμενο του φωτοστέφανου (Halo effect) (ειδικά φωτοστέφανο ελκυστικότητας)

60. R629 — Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 25–29.
61. R630 — Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290.
62. R631 — Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(4), 250–256.
63. R632 — Batres, C., & Shiramizu, V. (2022). Examining the attractiveness halo effect across cultures. PSA study across 45 countries.
64. R633 — Rosenzweig, P. (2007). The Halo Effect... and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers. Free Press.

Αντιδραστική υποτίμηση σε διομαδικές συγκρούσεις

65. R654 — Ross, L., & Stillinger, C. (1991). Barriers to conflict resolution. Negotiation Journal, 7(4), 389–404.
66. R655 — Maoz, I., Ward, A., Katz, M., & Ross, L. (2002). Reactive devaluation of an "Israeli" vs. "Palestinian" peace proposal. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(4), 515–546.
67. R656 — Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007). Bridging the partisan divide. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 59–74.
68. R657 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1995). Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 255–304). Academic Press.

Συλλογική μνήμη και ανταγωνιστικές εθνικές αφηγήσεις

69. R851 — Roediger, H. L., et al. (2019). Competing national memories of World War II. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(34), 16678–16686.

Δικαιολόγηση του συστήματος

70. R994 — Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–27.

08. Πειθώ, Επιρροή και Επικοινωνία

Έρευνα πειθούς στην παράδοση του Cialdini, ρητορική, αφηγηματική πειθώ, απόδοση επιρροής, θεωρία επικοινωνίας και γλώσσα σχετικά με την επιρροή.

Βιβλία

1. R20 — Cialdini, R. B. (2021). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New and Expanded Edition). Harper Business.
2. R21 — Cialdini, R. B. (2006). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (Revised Edition). Harper Business.
3. R131 — Perloff, R. M. (2014). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century (5th ed.). Routledge.
4. R132 — Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd ed.). Routledge.
5. R133 — McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
6. R161 — Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2007). Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. Random House.
7. R162 — Pinker, S. (2014). The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century. Viking.
8. R163 — Pinker, S. (2007). The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. Viking.
9. R167 — Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press.
10. R219 — Few, S. (2012). Show Me the Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten. Analytics Press.
11. R220 — Reynolds, G. (2012). Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery. New Riders.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Αφηγηματική πειθώ, ζωντάνια και αναισθησία στο βασικό ποσοστό (base-rate)

12. R502 — Borgida, E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1977). The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 258–271.
13. R503 — Hamill, R., Wilson, T. D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1980). Insensitivity to sample bias: Generalizing from atypical cases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(4), 578–589.
14. R504 — Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721.
15. R505 — Hornikx, J., & Hoeken, H. (2007). Cultural differences in the persuasiveness of evidence types and evidence quality. Communication Monographs, 74(4), 443–463.

Το φαινόμενο Doctor Fox (εκπαιδευτική αποπλάνηση)

16. R463 — Naftulin, D. H., Ware, J. E., & Donnelly, F. A. (1973). The Doctor Fox lecture: A paradigm of educational seduction. Journal of Medical Education, 48(7), 630–635.

Επίδραση τρίτου προσώπου και τεκμαιρόμενη επιρροή

17. R826 — Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1–15.
18. R827 — Paul, B., Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (2000). The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 57–85.
19. R828 — Perloff, R. M. (1999). The third-person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1(4), 353–378.
20. R829 — Gunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 27–38.
21. R830 — Mutz, D. C. (1989). The influence of perceptions of media influence: Third person effects and the public expression of opinions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1(1), 3–23.
22. R831 — Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 199–215.
23. R832 — Lo, V.-H., & Wei, R. (2002). Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), 13–33.

Ψευδαισθήσεις προσφατότητας/συχνότητας στη γλώσσα (διορθωμένο & ενοποιημένο)

24. R336 — Zwicky, A. (2006). Why are we so illuded? Abstract for LSA 2007. Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/LSA07illude.abst.pdf (Corrected per addendum item 4.)
25. R515 — van der Meulen, M. (2022). Are we indeed so illuded? Recency and frequency illusions in Dutch prescriptivism. Languages, 7(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010042 (Corrected per addendum item 6. Consolidated with original entry 337, which was a duplicate.)
26. R516 — Zwicky, A. (2005). Just between Dr. Language and I. Language Log.

Πίστη σε αδιαφανείς προτασιακές στάσεις (φιλοσοφία της γλώσσας)

27. R511 — Bacon, A. (2019). The logic of opacity. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 99(1), 81–114.
28. R512 — Quine, W. V. O. (1956). Quantifiers and propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy, 53(5), 177–187.
29. R513 — Frege, G. (1892/1952). On sense and reference. In P. Geach & M. Black (Eds.), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Blackwell.
30. R514 — Kripke, S. (1980). A puzzle about belief. In N. Salmon & S. Soames (Eds.), Propositions and Attitudes. Oxford University Press.

Pinker για τη γλώσσα και την επικοινωνία

31. R164 — Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
32. R165 — Pinker, S. (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.
33. R166 — Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking Press.

Premortem και πρόβλεψη κλάσης αναφοράς (reference-class forecasting) (επικοινωνία ποιότητας απόφασης)

34. R507 — Klein, G. (2007). Performing a project premortem. Harvard Business Review.
35. R508 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). From Nobel Prize to project management: Getting risks right. Project Management Journal, 37(3), 5–15.

Τρεις γλώσσες της πολιτικής

36. R226 — Kling, A. (2017). The Three Languages of Politics: Talking Across the Political Divides. Cato Institute.

Εξουσία, κοινωνική επιρροή στο μάρκετινγκ

37. R150 — (See section 01 — Shotton 2018, on biases in consumer choice; also a persuasion-adjacent work.)

Αναφορές θεωρίας μαζικής επικοινωνίας

38. R265 — Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 12 — Trust/Networks.)

09. Συμπεριφορικά Οικονομικά και Χρηματοοικονομικά

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τα συμπεριφορικά οικονομικά, τα συμπεριφορικά χρηματοοικονομικά, την ψευδαίσθηση του χρήματος, τη νοητική λογιστική, το φαινόμενο διάθεσης (disposition effect), τα αποτελέσματα ονομαστικής αξίας, το παζλ των ασφαλίστρων κινδύνου μετοχών (equity premium puzzle) και σχετικά θέματα. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 02 (Κρίση και Λήψη Αποφάσεων Υπό Αβεβαιότητα), την ενότητα 01 (θεμελιώδεις προκαταλήψεις) και την ενότητα 10 (Διαπραγμάτευση και Σύναψη Συμφωνιών). Ιδιαίτερα σχετικό με το στάδιο "Συμφωνίες" της PEM, το πλαίσιο των έξι τομέων πόρων (ειδικά τον Οικονομικό τομέα), την αρχή "Πουλήστε κατανόηση, όχι χρόνο", και τη συζήτηση για την ψευδαίσθηση του χρήματος, τη νοητική λογιστική και την προκατάληψη Weber-Fechner στην τιμολόγηση.

Βιβλία

1. R5 — Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
2. R6 — Thaler, R. H. (2015). Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. R69 — Akerlof, G. A., & Shiller, R. J. (2009). Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton University Press.
4. R70 — Fisher, I. (1928). The Money Illusion. Adelphi Company.
5. R71 — Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Macmillan.
6. R72 — Shefrin, H. (2000). Beyond Greed and Fear: Understanding Behavioral Finance and the Psychology of Investing. Oxford University Press.
7. R73 — Montier, J. (2007). Behavioural Investing: A Practitioner's Guide to Applying Behavioural Finance. Wiley.
8. R74 — Shiller, R. J. (2015). Irrational Exuberance (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press.
9. R75 — Lewis, M. (2010). The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine. W. W. Norton.
10. R77 — Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much. Times Books.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Ψευδαίσθηση Χρήματος

11. R414 — Shafir, E., Diamond, P., & Tversky, A. (1997). Money illusion. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341–374.
12. R415 — Fehr, E., & Tyran, J.-R. (2001). Does money illusion matter? American Economic Review, 91(5), 1239–1262.
13. R416 — Modigliani, F., & Cohn, R. A. (1979). Inflation, rational valuation and the market. Financial Analysts Journal, 35(2), 24–44.
14. R417 — Brunnermeier, M. K., & Julliard, C. (2008). Money illusion and housing frenzies. Review of Financial Studies, 21(1), 135–180.
15. R418 — Weber, B., Rangel, A., Wibral, M., & Falk, A. (2009). The medial prefrontal cortex exhibits money illusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(13), 5025–5028.
16. R419 — Akerlof, G. A., Dickens, W. T., & Perry, G. L. (1996). The macroeconomics of low inflation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1996(1), 1–76.

Νοητική Λογιστική (Mental Accounting), Φαινόμενο Διάθεσης (Disposition Effect) και Συμπεριφορά Αποταμίευσης

17. R666 — Thaler, R. H. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199–214.
18. R667 — Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 183–206.
19. R668 — Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. (1998). The red and the black: Mental accounting of savings and debt. Marketing Science, 17(1), 4–28.
20. R669 — Camerer, C., Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., & Thaler, R. (1997). Labor supply of New York City cabdrivers: One day at a time. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 407–441.
21. R670 — Shefrin, H., & Statman, M. (1985). The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long. Journal of Finance, 40(3), 777–790.
22. R671 — Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1), S164–S187.

Συμπεριφορά Επενδυτή και Μοντέλα Συμπεριφορικών Χρηματοοικονομικών

23. R393 — Barberis, N., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1998). A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics, 49(3), 307–343.
24. R394 — Ball, R., & Brown, P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research, 6(2), 159–178.
25. R902 — Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading is hazardous to your wealth. Journal of Finance, 55(2), 773–806.
26. R975 — Odean, T. (1998). Are investors reluctant to realize their losses? Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1775–1798.
27. R976 — Grinblatt, M., & Keloharju, M. (2001). What makes investors trade? Journal of Finance, 56(2), 589–616.
28. R977 — Barberis, N., & Xiong, W. (2012). Realization utility. Journal of Financial Economics, 104(2), 251–271.
29. R978 — Frazzini, A. (2006). The disposition effect and underreaction to news. Journal of Finance, 61(4), 2017–2046.
30. R979 — Genesove, D., & Mayer, C. (2001). Loss aversion and seller behavior: Evidence from the housing market. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1233–1260.
31. R980 — Barberis, N., & Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. In G. Constantinides, M. Harris, & R. Stulz (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance (pp. 1053–1128). Elsevier.

Παζλ Ασφαλίστρων Κινδύνου Μετοχών (Equity Premium Puzzle)

32. A41 — Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (1995). Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 73–92.
33. A42 — Mehra, R., & Prescott, E. C. (1985). The equity premium: A puzzle. Journal of Monetary Economics, 15(2), 145–161.

Φαινόμενο Ονομαστικής Αξίας (Denomination Effect)

34. R697 — Raghubir, P., & Srivastava, J. (2009). The denomination effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 701–713.
35. R698 — Mishra, H., Mishra, A., & Nayakankuppam, D. (2006). Money: A bias for the whole. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(4), 541–549.
36. R699 — Di Muro, F., & Noseworthy, T. J. (2013). Money isn't everything, but it helps if it doesn't look used. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(6), 1330–1342.
37. R700 — Zenkić, J., Lei, J., Millet, K., & Rotman, J. D. (2024). Reversing the denomination effect in tipping contexts. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(2), 351–358. (Corrected per addendum item 9.)
38. R701 — Li, Y., & Pandelaere, M. (2021). The denomination–spending matching effect. Journal of Business Research, 128, 338–349. (Corrected per addendum item 10.)

Θεμέλια της Θεωρίας Αποφάσεων

39. R64 — Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Houghton Mifflin. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
40. R65 — Savage, L. J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. John Wiley & Sons. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
41. R687 — Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 10.)

Συστημική Κρίση, Μακρο-Αστάθεια και Antifragility

42. A35 — Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press.
43. A36 — Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Business.
44. A37 — Tooze, A. (2018). Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. Viking.
45. A38 — Goldin, I., & Mariathasan, M. (2014). The Butterfly Defect: How Globalization Creates Systemic Risks, and What to Do About It. Princeton University Press.

Λήψη Αποφάσεων Υπό Βαθιά Αβεβαιότητα

46. A39 — Lempert, R. J., Popper, S. W., & Bankes, S. C. (2003). Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis. RAND Corporation.
47. A40 — Marchau, V. A. W. J., Walker, W. E., Bloemen, P. J. T. M., & Popper, S. W. (Eds.). (2019). Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty: From Theory to Practice. Springer.

10. Διαπραγμάτευση και Σύναψη Συμφωνιών

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τη θεωρία διαπραγματεύσεων, τη διαμόρφωση συμφωνιών, την προκατάληψη μηδενικού αθροίσματος (zero-sum bias), την τιμολόγηση βάσει αξίας και το παζάρι. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 09 (Συμπεριφορικά Οικονομικά) και την ενότητα 12 (Εμπιστοσύνη, Φήμη, Δίκτυα). Άμεσα σχετικό με το στάδιο "Συμφωνίες" της PEM, τη διαμόρφωση συμφωνιών στους έξι τομείς πόρων (six resource domains), την αρχή "Πουλήστε κατανόηση, όχι χρόνο", την τιμολόγηση της εξειδίκευσης βάσει αξίας, το όριο μεταξύ Συμφωνιών/Εκτέλεσης και τις συζητήσεις για την προκατάληψη μηδενικού αθροίσματος, την αγκύρωση (anchoring) και την αντιδραστική υποτίμηση στη διαπραγμάτευση.

Βιβλία

1. R137 — Mnookin, R. (2010). Bargaining with the Devil: When to Negotiate, When to Fight. Simon & Schuster.
2. R138 — Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1981). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Penguin Books.
3. R139 — Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. (1992). Negotiating Rationally. Free Press.
4. R140 — Thompson, L. (2005). The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator (3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
5. R141 — Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2012). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
6. A43 — Weiss, A. (2021). Million Dollar Consulting: The Professional's Guide to Growing a Practice (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
7. A44 — Baker, R. J. (2010). Implementing Value Pricing: A Radical Business Model for Professional Firms. Wiley.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Ευρετικοί Κανόνες και Προκαταλήψεις στη Διαπραγμάτευση

8. R684 — Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. (1983). Heuristics in negotiation: Limitations to effective dispute resolution. Negotiating in Organizations, 51–67.

Προκατάληψη Μηδενικού Αθροίσματος (Zero-Sum Bias)

9. R682 — Meegan, D. V. (2010). Zero-sum bias: Perceived competition despite unlimited resources. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 191.
10. R683 — Różycka-Tran, J., Boski, P., & Wojciszke, B. (2015). Belief in a zero-sum game as a social axiom: A 37-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(4), 525–548.
11. R685 — Chinoy, S., Nunn, N., Sequeira, S., & Stantcheva, S. (2024). Zero-sum thinking and the roots of U.S. political divides. NBER Working Paper No. 31688. (Corrected per addendum item 8.)
12. R686 — Davidai, S., & Ongis, M. (2019). The politics of zero-sum thinking. Science Advances, 5(12).

Αντιδραστική Υποτίμηση και Εμπόδια στην Επίλυση

13. R654 — Ross, L., & Stillinger, C. (1991). Barriers to conflict resolution. Negotiation Journal, 7(4), 389–404. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
14. R655 — Maoz, I., Ward, A., Katz, M., & Ross, L. (2002). Reactive devaluation of an "Israeli" vs. "Palestinian" peace proposal. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(4), 515–546. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
15. R656 — Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007). Bridging the partisan divide. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 59–74. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
16. R657 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1995). Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 255–304). Academic Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)

11. Αντίληψη Κινδύνου, Καταστροφές και Ασφάλεια

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για την αντίληψη κινδύνου, την ψυχολογία των καταστροφών, τα οργανωτικά ατυχήματα, το ανθρώπινο λάθος, την ομοιόσταση κινδύνου και τη ρύθμιση της ασφάλειας. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 02 (Κρίση και Λήψη Αποφάσεων) και την ενότητα 04 (Αντίληψη, Προσοχή και Συνειδητότητα). Σχετικό με τις συζητήσεις της PEM για την προκατάληψη ομαλότητας, την προκατάληψη δράσης, την ψευδαίσθηση ελέγχου, το φαινόμενο Peltzman / ομοιόσταση κινδύνου, τα οργανωτικά ατυχήματα και τη λειτουργία υπό συνθήκες κρίσης και συστημικής αβεβαιότητας.

Βιβλία

1. R53 — Slovic, P. (Ed.). (2000). The Perception of Risk. Earthscan Publications.
2. R54 — Slovic, P. (2010). The Feeling of Risk: New Perspectives on Risk Perception. Routledge.
3. R56 — Sunstein, C. R. (2005). Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge University Press.
4. R57 — Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Risk and Reason: Safety, Law, and the Environment. Cambridge University Press.
5. R63 — Breyer, S. (1993). Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Harvard University Press.
6. R142 — Drummond, H. (1996). Escalation in Decision-Making: The Tragedy of Taurus. Oxford University Press.
7. R143 — Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press.
8. R144 — Wohlstetter, R. (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press.
9. R145 — Snook, S. A. (2000). Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq. Princeton University Press.
10. R146 — Gawande, A. (2009). The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. Metropolitan Books.
11. R147 — Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge University Press.
12. R148 — Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate.
13. R149 — Norman, D. A. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition. Basic Books. (Original work published 1988.)
14. R192 — Ripley, A. (2008). The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes—and Why. Crown Publishers.
15. R193 — Quarantelli, E. L. (Ed.). (1998). What is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question. Routledge.
16. R194 — Leach, J. (1994). Survival Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan.
17. R898 — Wilde, G. J. S. (2001). Target Risk 2: A New Psychology of Safety and Health. PDE Publications.
18. R899 — Adams, J. (1995). Risk. UCL Press.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Ψυχολογία Καταστροφών και Πανικός

19. R673 — Quarantelli, E. L. (1954). The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology, 60(3), 267–275.
20. R675 — Leach, J. (2004). Why people 'freeze' in an emergency. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 539–542.
21. R676 — Frey, B. S., Savage, D. A., & Torgler, B. (2010). Interaction of natural survival instincts and internalized social norms exploring the Titanic and Lusitania disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(11), 4862–4865.
22. R677 — Quarantelli, E. L. (2008). Conventional beliefs and counterintuitive realities. In H. Rodríguez, E. L. Quarantelli, & R. R. Dynes (Eds.), Handbook of Disaster Research (pp. 325–346). Springer.

Τυχαία και Αντιδιαισθητικά Φυσικά Φαινόμενα

23. R678 — Matthews, R. (1995). Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants. European Journal of Physics, 16(4), 172–176.
24. R679 — Raymer, D. M., & Smith, D. E. (2007). Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(42), 16432–16437.
25. R680 — Redelmeier, D. A., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1999). Why cars in the next lane seem to go faster. Nature, 401(6748), 35.

Ανθρώπινο Λάθος και Δεξιότητες-Κανόνες-Γνώση

26. R681 — Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13(3), 257–266.

Ομοιόσταση Κινδύνου και το Φαινόμενο Peltzman

27. R894 — Peltzman, S. (1975). The effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Political Economy, 83(4), 677–726.
28. R895 — Wilde, G. J. S. (1982). The theory of risk homeostasis: Implications for safety and health. Risk Analysis, 2(4), 209–225.
29. R896 — Hedlund, J. (2000). Risky business: Safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury Prevention, 6(2), 82–89.
30. R897 — Adams, J. (1981). The efficacy of seatbelt legislation. Department of Geography, University College London.
31. R900 — Peltzman, S. (2004). Regulation and the natural progress of opulence. AEI-Brookings Joint Center 2004 Distinguished Lecture. American Enterprise Institute.

Αντίληψη Κινδύνου και Ανησυχία

32. R971 — Baron, J., Hershey, J. C., & Kunreuther, H. (1993). Determinants of priority for risk reduction: The role of worry. Risk Analysis, 13(6), 605–618.
33. R972 — Viscusi, W. K., Magat, W. A., & Huber, J. (1987). An investigation of the rationality of consumer valuations of multiple health risks. RAND Journal of Economics, 18(4), 465–479.
34. R973 — Tversky, A., & Fox, C. R. (1995). Weighing risk and uncertainty. Psychological Review, 102(2), 269–283. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
35. R974 — Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280–285.

Ιατρογενής Κίνδυνος και Ιατρική Ιστορία

36. R903 — Starko, K. M. (2009). Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918–1919. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(9), 1405–1410.

12. Εμπιστοσύνη, Φήμη, Δίκτυα και Προσωπικό Brand

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τη θεωρία της εμπιστοσύνης, τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα και το κοινωνικό κεφάλαιο, τη φήμη και το προσωπικό brand. Αυτή η ενότητα είναι θεμελιώδης για τη "Φόρμουλα Εμπιστοσύνης" (Trust Formula) της PEM (Αποδεδειγμένος Αντίκτυπος × Διαφανής Παρουσία × Συνεπής Ευθυγράμμιση), την "Οικονομία της Εμπιστοσύνης" (Economy of Trust), τους Επτά Πυλώνες της Παρουσίας Βασισμένης στην Εμπιστοσύνη (Προσωπικό Branding, Στρατηγική Δικτύωση, Εκδηλώσεις εκτός Διαδικτύου, Περιεχόμενο & Ηγεσία Σκέψης, Κοινωνική Απόδειξη, Διαφάνεια, Συνέπεια) και τους τομείς της Φήμης και των Κοινωνικών Πόρων.

Βιβλία

1. R262 — Botsman, R. (2017). Who Can You Trust? How Technology Brought Us Together and Why It Might Drive Us Apart. PublicAffairs / Penguin Portfolio.
2. R263 — Covey, S. M. R., with Merrill, R. R. (2006). The SPEED of Trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything. Free Press.
3. R264 — Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. Free Press.
4. R265 — Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
5. A18 — Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press.
6. A20 — Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2009). Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives. Little, Brown.
7. A22 — Maister, D. H., Green, C. H., & Galford, R. M. (2000). The Trusted Advisor. Free Press.
8. A23 — Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and Trustworthiness. Russell Sage Foundation.
9. A26 — Gandini, A. (2016). The Reputation Economy: Understanding Knowledge Work in Digital Society. Palgrave Macmillan.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Θεωρία Δικτύων και Κοινωνικό Κεφάλαιο

10. A17 — Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
11. A19 — Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349–399.

Θεωρία Εμπιστοσύνης (Θεμέλιο για τη Φόρμουλα Εμπιστοσύνης)

12. A21 — Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734.

Προσωπικό Branding και Φήμη

13. A24 — Peters, T. (1997). The brand called you. Fast Company, 10, 83–90.
14. A25 — Khedher, M. (2014). Personal branding phenomenon. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(2), 29–40.

13. Εξειδίκευση, Μάθηση και Ανάπτυξη Δεξιοτήτων

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για την ανάπτυξη εξειδίκευσης, την άρρητη γνώση, τη διαίσθηση και την εσκεμμένη πρακτική (deliberate practice). Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 03 (Μνήμη και Γνωστική Λειτουργία) και την ενότητα 15 (Οργανωσιακή Συμπεριφορά). Θεμελιώδες για την Εσωτερική Αλυσίδα (Internal Chain) της PEM (Εμπειρία → Κατανόηση → Αντίκτυπος), τη διάκριση "Πληροφορία εναντίον Κατανόησης", την ανάπτυξη μεταδόσιμων προτύπων (transmissible standards) και τις συζητήσεις για την άρρητη γνώση, την εσκεμμένη πρακτική και τη διαίσθηση.

Βιβλία

1. R61 — Klein, G. (2013). Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights. PublicAffairs.
2. R62 — Klein, G. (2007). The Power of Intuition. Crown Business.
3. A11 — Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. Doubleday.
4. A12 — Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press.
5. A13 — Collins, H. (2010). Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. University of Chicago Press.
6. A15 — Ericsson, K. A., & Pool, R. (2016). Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7. A16 — Hogarth, R. M. (2001). Educating Intuition. University of Chicago Press.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Εσκεμμένη Πρακτική (Deliberate Practice)

8. A14 — Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406.

Επιστήμη Μάθησης και Απόκτηση Δεξιοτήτων Βασισμένη στη Μνήμη

9. R36 — Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Harvard University Press / Belknap Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 03.)

14. Παρακίνηση, Συναίσθημα και Ευεξία

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τη θεωρία παρακίνησης, τις εσωτερικές/εξωτερικές ανταμοιβές, το συναίσθημα, την πρόβλεψη συναισθημάτων (affective forecasting), την προκατάληψη διάρκειας (durability bias), την κοινωνικοσυναισθηματική επιλεκτικότητα, το θετικό αποτέλεσμα στη γήρανση, την ψυχολογία του χιούμορ και την ευεξία. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 05 (Αυτοαντίληψη) και την ενότητα 03 (Μνήμη). Σχετικό με τον Βιολογικό τομέα πόρων της PEM, τις συζητήσεις για την πρόβλεψη συναισθημάτων και την προκατάληψη διάρκειας, την προκατάληψη της καθαρότητας κινήτρων και το πλαίσιο της ευεξίας.

Βιβλία

1. R111 — Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press.
2. R112 — Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity. Crown Publishers.
3. R113 — Hanson, R. (2013). Hardwiring Happiness: The New Brain Science of Contentment, Calm, and Confidence. Harmony Books.
4. R114 — Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2019). The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It. Penguin Press.
5. R115 — Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. Penguin Press.
6. R116 — Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
7. R117 — Sharot, T. (2011). The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain. Vintage / Pantheon.
8. R118 — Norem, J. K. (2001). The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. Basic Books.
9. R119 — Mischel, W. (2014). The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control. Little, Brown and Company.
10. R120 — Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of Will. Cambridge University Press.
11. R121 — Pink, D. H. (2009). Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books.
12. R122 — Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Plenum Press.
13. R123 — Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man's Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.
14. R124 — Shenk, J. W. (2005). Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness. Houghton Mifflin.
15. R256 — Martin, R. A. (2007). The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Academic Press.
16. R257 — Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and Sense of Humor. Springer.
17. R258 — Ruch, W. (Ed.). (1998). The Sense of Humor: Explorations of a Personality Characteristic. Mouton de Gruyter.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Θεμελιώδεις Έννοιες της Βιωμένης Χρησιμότητας (Experienced Utility) και της Ευτυχίας

18. R302 — Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312(5782), 1908–1910. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 01.)
19. R304 — Kahneman, D., Wakker, P. P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 375–406.

Κοινωνικοσυναισθηματική Επιλεκτικότητα και το Θετικό Αποτέλεσμα στη Γήρανση

20. R640 — Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181.
21. R641 — Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554–570.
22. R642 — Wolpe, N., et al. (2025). Age-related positivity bias in emotion recognition is linked to lower cognitive performance and altered amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience.
23. R643 — Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15.
24. R644 — Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496–502.
25. R645 — Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Aging, emotion, and health-related decision strategies. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 134–146.

Παρακίνηση: Εσωτερική, Εξωτερική και Καθαρότητα (Purity)

26. R732 — Heath, C. (1999). On the social psychology of agency relationships: Lay theories of motivation overemphasize extrinsic incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(1), 25–62.
27. R733 — Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115.
28. R734 — Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 129–137.
29. R735 — Derfler-Rozin, R., & Pitesa, M. (2020). Motivation purity bias. Academy of Management Journal, 63(6), 1840–1864.
30. R736 — Titmuss, R. (1970). The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. Allen & Unwin.
31. R737 — Taylor, F. W. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper & Brothers.
32. R738 — Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67.

Πρόβλεψη Συναισθημάτων (Affective Forecasting) και Προκατάληψη Διάρκειας (Durability Bias)

33. R772 — Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 617–638.
34. R773 — Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 821–836.
35. R774 — Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(8), 917–927.
36. R775 — Levine, L. J., Lench, H. C., Kaplan, R. L., & Safer, M. A. (2012). Accuracy and artifact: Reexamining the intensity bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 584–605.
37. R776 — Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2013). The impact bias is alive and well. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(5), 740–748.
38. R777 — Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2003). Affective forecasting. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 345–411). Academic Press.
39. R778 — Loewenstein, G., & Schkade, D. (1999). Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 85–105). Russell Sage Foundation.

Ευεξία και Προσαρμογή

40. A47 — Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.

15. Οργανωσιακή Συμπεριφορά, Διοίκηση και Παραγωγικότητα

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για την οργανωσιακή συμπεριφορά, τη διοίκηση, τα συστήματα παραγωγικότητας, την εργασία γνώσης, την αυτοματοποίηση στους οργανισμούς, την πλάνη του σχεδιασμού σε κλίμακα, και τη ρουτίνα και την αντίληψη του χρόνου. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 13 (Εξειδίκευση) και την ενότητα 16 (Τεχνολογία και AI). Άμεσα σχετικό με την Αρχή Ανάθεσης (Delegation Principle) της PEM, την Ιεραρχία Ανάθεσης (Αυτοματοποίηση → Συστηματοποίηση → Συνεργασία), τους Δύο Τρόπους Εκτέλεσης (Αρχιτέκτονας/Χτίστης), τη μετάβαση από το χρόνο-σε-χρήμα στο προϊόν-σε-χρήμα, τα μεταδόσιμα πρότυπα, την πλάνη του σχεδιασμού και την προκατάληψη αυτοματοποίησης.

Βιβλία

1. R216 — Brown, W. J., Malveau, R. C., McCormick, H. W., & Mowbray, T. J. (1998). AntiPatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis. Wiley.
2. R218 — Kaplan, A. (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Chandler Publishing.
3. R231 — Allen, D. (2001). Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity. Penguin.
4. R232 — Newport, C. (2016). Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Grand Central Publishing.
5. R235 — Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth. Wiley.
6. R236 — Bohnet, I. (2016). What Works: Gender Equality by Design. Harvard University Press.
7. R237 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2003). Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition. Cambridge University Press.
8. R238 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2021). How Big Things Get Done. Currency.
9. R270 — Gerber, M. E. (1995). The E-Myth Revisited: Why Most Small Businesses Don't Work and What to Do About It. HarperBusiness.
10. R271 — Sullivan, D., & Hardy, B. (2020). Who Not How: The Formula to Achieve Bigger Goals Through Accelerating Teamwork. Hay House Business.
11. R272 — Ferriss, T. (2007). The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich. Crown Publishers.
12. R273 — Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
13. R274 — Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century. HarperBusiness.
14. R275 — Drucker, P. F. (1959). Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the New "Post-Modern" World. Harper & Brothers.
15. R276 — Clark, D. (2017). Entrepreneurial You: Monetize Your Expertise, Create Multiple Income Streams, and Thrive. Harvard Business Review Press.
16. R277 — Vaynerchuk, G. (2009). Crush It! Why NOW Is the Time to Cash In on Your Passion. HarperStudio.
17. R280 — Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
18. R281 — Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday / Currency.
19. R284 — Parasuraman, R., & Mouloua, M. (Eds.). (1996). Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. R285 — Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. G. (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
21. R286 — Lee, J. D., Wickens, C. D., Liu, Y., & Boyle, L. N. (2017). Designing for People: An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering (3rd ed.). CreateSpace.
22. R925 — Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue Ocean Strategy. Harvard Business Review Press.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Προκατάληψη Αυτοματοποίησης

23. R594 — Skitka, L. J., Mosier, K. L., & Burdick, M. (1999). Does automation bias decision-making? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51(5), 991–1006.
24. R595 — Parasuraman, R., & Manzey, D. H. (2010). Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Human Factors, 52(3), 381–410.
25. R596 — Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors, 46(1), 50–80.
26. R597 — Lyell, D., & Coiera, E. (2017). Automation bias and verification complexity: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 24(2), 423–431.
27. R598 — Goddard, K., Roudsari, A., & Wyatt, J. C. (2012). Automation bias: A systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(1), 121–127.
28. R599 — Mosier, K. L., & Skitka, L. J. (1996). Human decision makers and automated decision aids. In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and Human Performance (pp. 201–220). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Ρουτίνα και Αντίληψη Χρόνου

29. R658 — Avni-Babad, D., & Ritov, I. (2003). Routine and the perception of time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(4), 543–550.
30. R659 — Roy, M. M., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2007). Bias in memory predicts bias in estimation of future task duration. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 557–564.
31. R660 — Roy, M. M., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2008). Effect of task length on remembered and predicted duration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(1), 202–207.
32. R661 — Harms, I. M., et al. (2021). Route familiarity and driving behavior: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour.

Πλάνη του Σχεδιασμού

33. R662 — Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 366–381.
34. R663 — Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002). Inside the planning fallacy. In Heuristics and Biases (pp. 250–270). Cambridge University Press.
35. R664 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. TIMS Studies in Management Science, 12, 313–327.
36. R665 — Kahneman, D., & Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. In R. Rumelt, D. Schendel, & D. Teece (Eds.), Fundamental Issues in Strategy (pp. 71–96). Harvard Business School Press.

16. Τεχνολογία, Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη (AI) και το Μέλλον της Εργασίας

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για την επανάσταση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης, τον αντίκτυπο της δημιουργικής τεχνητής νοημοσύνης (generative AI) στην παραγωγικότητα, το μέλλον της εργασίας και τις οικονομικές επιπτώσεις της αυτοματοποίησης. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 15 (Οργανωσιακή Συμπεριφορά). Άμεσα σχετικό με τη συζήτηση του "Μακροοικονομικού Πλαισίου" της PEM για την αναστάτωση από το AI, το πλαίσιο της "Οικονομίας της Εμπιστοσύνης", τον ρόλο του AI στην Ιεραρχία Ανάθεσης, την αξιολόγηση ποιότητας με τη βοήθεια του AI και τη συζήτηση για το τι εμπορευματοποιεί το AI σε σύγκριση με το τι δεν μπορεί να αναπαράγει.

Βιβλία

1. R266 — Mollick, E. (2024). Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI. Portfolio / Penguin.
2. R267 — Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. R268 — Susskind, D. (2020). A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond. Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt.
4. R269 — Lee, K.-F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Ο Αντίκτυπος του AI στην Εργασία Γνώσης και την Παραγωγικότητα

5. A30 — Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D., & Raymond, L. R. (2025). Generative AI at work. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 140(2), 889–942.
6. A31 — Dell'Acqua, F., McFowland, E., Mollick, E., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., Kellogg, K., Rajendran, S., Krayer, L., Candelon, F., & Lakhani, K. R. (2023). Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 24-013.
7. A32 — Noy, S., & Zhang, W. (2023). Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 187–192.
8. A33 — Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs. Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308.
9. A34 — Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labor demand. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 25–35.

AI και Προκατάληψη στα Γλωσσικά Μοντέλα

10. R617 — Lee, M. H. J., Montgomery, J. M., & Lai, C. K. (2024). Large language models portray socially subordinate groups as more homogeneous, consistent with a bias observed in humans. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '24), 1321–1340. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07. Corrected per addendum item 7.)

Αλγοριθμική Προκατάληψη

11. R555 — Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)

17. Καινοτομία, Δημιουργικότητα και Επίλυση Προβλημάτων

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τη θεωρία της καινοτομίας, τη λειτουργική καθήλωση (functional fixedness), τα προβλήματα ενόρασης, το σύνδρομο "Not-Invented-Here", το φαινόμενο IKEA, τη διάδοση των καινοτομιών και τη δημιουργικότητα. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 13 (Εξειδίκευση) και την ενότητα 04 (Αντίληψη). Σχετικό με τις συζητήσεις της PEM για τη λειτουργική καθήλωση στην εκτέλεση, την παγίδα του Not-Invented-Here στην ανάθεση, το φαινόμενο IKEA στην εκτίμηση της προσωπικής εκτέλεσης και το πώς η κατανόηση μεταφράζεται σε νέες λύσεις.

Βιβλία

1. R201 — Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
2. R202 — Wright, R. (2000). Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. Pantheon Books.
3. R203 — Heffernan, M. (2011). Willful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious at Our Peril. Walker & Company.
4. R204 — Chesterton, G. K. (1929). The Thing: Why I Am a Catholic. Sheed & Ward.
5. R205 — Burke, E. (1790). Reflections on the Revolution in France. J. Dodsley.
6. R206 — Hayek, F. A. (1988). The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. University of Chicago Press.
7. R207 — Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
8. R208 — Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.
9. R209 — Morozov, E. (2013). To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. PublicAffairs.
10. R210 — Sveiby, K. E., Gripenberg, P., & Segercrantz, B. (Eds.). (2012). Challenging the Innovation Paradigm. Routledge.
11. R211 — Godin, B. (2015). Innovation Contested: The Idea of Innovation over the Centuries. Routledge.
12. R212 — Mazzucato, M. (2013). The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. Anthem Press.
13. R213 — Hightower, J. (1973). Hard Tomatoes, Hard Times. Schenkman Publishing.
14. R214 — Godin, B., & Vinck, D. (Eds.). (2017). Critical Studies of Innovation: Alternative Approaches to the Pro-Innovation Bias. Edward Elgar Publishing.
15. R650 — Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.
16. R652 — Morison, E. E. (1966). Men, Machines, and Modern Times. MIT Press.
17. R569 — Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding Innovation in Problem Solving, Science, Invention, and the Arts. John Wiley & Sons.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Λειτουργική Καθήλωση (Functional Fixedness) και Ενόραση (Insight)

18. R564 — Duncker, K. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), i–113.
19. R565 — German, T. P., & Defeyter, M. A. (2000). Immunity to functional fixedness in young children. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(4), 707–712.
20. R566 — German, T. P., & Barrett, H. C. (2005). Functional fixedness in a technologically sparse culture. Psychological Science, 16(1), 1–5. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 18.)
21. R567 — Glucksberg, S., & Danks, J. H. (1968). Effects of discriminative labels and of nonsense labels upon availability of novel function. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 72–76.
22. R568 — McCaffrey, T. (2012). Innovation relies on the obscure: A key to overcoming the classic problem of functional fixedness. Psychological Science, 23(3), 215–218.
23. R570 — Ohlsson, S. (2011). Insight. In Deep Learning: How the Mind Overrides Experience (pp. 79–116). Cambridge University Press.

Σύνδρομο Not-Invented-Here

24. R646 — Katz, R., & Allen, T. J. (1982). Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome. R&D Management, 12(1), 7–20.
25. R647 — Antons, D., & Piller, F. T. (2015). Opening the black box of "Not Invented Here." Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), 193–217.
26. R648 — Lichtenthaler, U., & Ernst, H. (2006). Attitudes to externally organizing knowledge management tasks. R&D Management, 36(4), 367–386.
27. R649 — Allen, T. J., Katz, R., Grady, J. J., & Slavin, N. (1988). Project team aging and performance. R&D Management, 18(4), 295–308.
28. R653 — Huston, L., & Sakkab, N. (2006). Connect and develop: Inside Procter & Gamble's new model for innovation. Harvard Business Review on Innovation (pp. 33–56). Harvard Business School Press.

Διάδοση Καινοτομιών

29. R793 — Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press.
30. R794 — Ram, S., & Sheth, J. N. (1989). Consumer resistance to innovations. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(2), 5–14.
31. R795 — Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 254–285.
32. R796 — Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations. Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), 581–629.

Το Φαινόμενο IKEA

33. R651 — Norton, M. I., Mochon, D., & Ariely, D. (2012). The IKEA effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(3), 453–460.
34. R957 — Wang, M., Rieger, M. O., & Hens, T. (2016). How time preferences differ. Journal of Economic Psychology, 52, 115–135.
35. R958 — Sarstedt, M., Neubert, D., & Barth, K. (2016). The IKEA effect: A conceptual replication. Journal of Marketing Behavior, 2(1), 56–67.
36. R959 — Franke, N., Schreier, M., & Kaiser, U. (2010). The "I designed it myself" effect in mass customization. Management Science, 56(1), 125–140.
37. R960 — Marsh, L. E., Gil, J., & Kanngiesser, P. (2022). The IKEA effect across cultures. Developmental Psychology.
38. R961 — Belk, R. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–168.

18. Φιλοσοφία, Επιστήμη και Επιστημολογία

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τη φιλοσοφία και την ιστορία της επιστήμης, την επιστημολογία, την κρίση αναπαραγωγιμότητας, την αντίσταση στην επιστημονική ανακάλυψη και θεμελιώδη φιλοσοφικά κείμενα. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 01 (θεμελιώδεις προκαταλήψεις). Σχετικό με την έμφαση της PEM στην τριγωνοποίηση, τη βαθμονομημένη εμπιστοσύνη, την αναζήτηση διάψευσης, το αντανακλαστικό Semmelweis, την κρίση αναπαραγωγιμότητας ως μοντέλο προκατάληψης στα καθιερωμένα συστήματα, και τα φιλοσοφικά θεμέλια της "Πληροφορίας εναντίον Κατανόησης".

Βιβλία

1. R151 — Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
2. R154 — Chambers, C. (2017). The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology: A Manifesto for Reforming the Culture of Scientific Practice. Princeton University Press.
3. R155 — Proctor, R. N., & Schiebinger, L. (Eds.). (2008). Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford University Press.
4. R156 — Nuland, S. B. (2003). The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis. W. W. Norton.
5. R157 — Sagan, C. (1995). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Random House.
6. R158 — Shermer, M. (2011). The Believing Brain. Times Books.
7. R159 — Hyman, R. (1989). The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research. Prometheus Books.
8. R160 — Sober, E. (2015). Ockham's Razors: A User's Manual. Cambridge University Press.
9. R217 — Maslow, A. (1966). The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance. Harper & Row. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 05.)
10. R249 — Plato. (~370 BCE). Phaedrus. (Various translations available.)
11. R250 — Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum.
12. R251 — Cicero. (45 BCE). De Natura Deorum [On the Nature of the Gods].
13. R252 — Beyerstein, B. L. (1996). Graphology. In G. Stein (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books.
14. R926 — McCosh, J. (1879). The method of the divine government. In Logic of the Sciences.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Αναπαραγωγιμότητα και Μετα-Επιστήμη

15. R444 — Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716.
16. R450 — Ioannidis, J. P. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.
17. R451 — Munafò, M. R., et al. (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0021.

Αντίσταση στην Επιστημονική Ανακάλυψη (Αντανακλαστικό Semmelweis)

18. R468 — Barber, B. (1961). Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery. Science, 134(3479), 596–602.
19. R469 — Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424.
20. R470 — Campanario, J. M. (2009). Rejecting and resisting Nobel class discoveries: Accounts by Nobel Laureates. Scientometrics, 81(2), 549–565.
21. R471 — Gross, M., & McGoey, L. (2015). Introduction. In Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies (pp. 1–14). Routledge.

19. Πολιτισμός, Κοινωνία, Πολιτική και Ιστορία

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τον πολιτισμό και τη γνωστική λειτουργία, τη διαπολιτισμική ψυχολογία, την πολιτική και ιστορική ανάλυση, τον ντεκλινισμό, την ψυχολογία των φημών, την ηθική τύχη, το φαινόμενο placebo και τις ιστορικές μελέτες περίπτωσης. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 06 (Κοινωνική Ψυχολογία) και την ενότητα 07 (Διομαδικές Σχέσεις). Σχετικό με την προσέγγιση της PEM για την πολιτισμική διακύμανση στις προκαταλήψεις, τον ντεκλινισμό στο μακρο-πλαίσιο, την ηθική τύχη και την προκατάληψη του αποτελέσματος (outcome bias), το φαινόμενο placebo ως απόδειξη της αλληλεπίδρασης μυαλού-σώματος και τη λειτουργία σε περιόδους ιστορικής μετάβασης.

Βιβλία

1. R125 — O'Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale University Press.
2. R168 — Rosling, H., Rosling, O., & Rönnlund, A. R. (2018). Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World—and Why Things Are Better Than You Think. Flatiron Books.
3. R169 — Joffe, J. (2014). The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies. Liveright.
4. R170 — Spengler, O. (1926). The Decline of the West. Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1918.)
5. R171 — Herman, A. (1997). The Idea of Decline in Western History. Free Press.
6. R172 — Barnett, C. (1986). The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation. Macmillan.
7. R175 — Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford University Press.
8. R177 — Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently... and Why. Free Press.
9. R178 — Mead, M. (1928). Coming of Age in Samoa. William Morrow.
10. R179 — Freeman, D. (1983). Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. Harvard University Press.
11. R180 — Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Gallimard.
12. R181 — Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
13. R186 — Levy, N. (2011). Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press.
14. R187 — Williams, B. (1981). Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973-1980. Cambridge University Press.
15. R188 — Nussbaum, M. (1986). The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
16. R189 — Benedetti, F. (2014). Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
17. R190 — Kaptchuk, T. J., & Miller, F. G. (2018). Placebo Effects in Medicine: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Springer.
18. R191 — Kirsch, I. (2010). The Emperor's New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth. Basic Books.
19. R223 — Bergstrom, C. T., & West, J. D. (2020). Calling Bullshit: The Art of Skepticism in a Data-Driven World. Random House.
20. R224 — Davis, N. Z. (1983). The Return of Martin Guerre. Harvard University Press.
21. R225 — McWhinnie, D. (1974). The Tichborne Claimant: The Greatest Fraud of the Victorian Age. Routledge.
22. R255 — Calder, A. (1991). The Myth of the Blitz. Jonathan Cape.
23. R922 — Lewis, C. S. (1955). Surprised by Joy. Harcourt.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Φαινόμενο Placebo

24. R607 — Beecher, H. K. (1955). The powerful placebo. Journal of the American Medical Association, 159(17), 1602–1606.
25. R608 — Hróbjartsson, A., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 344(21), 1594–1602.
26. R609 — Kaptchuk, T. J., et al. (2010). Placebos without deception: A randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLOS ONE, 5(12), e15591.
27. R610 — Hall, K. T., et al. (2012). Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism predicts placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome. PLOS ONE, 7(10), e48135.
28. R611 — Moseley, J. B., et al. (2002). A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(2), 81–88.
29. R612 — Hall, K. T., & Kaptchuk, T. J. (2015). Genetic biomarkers of placebo response. In L. Colloca (Ed.), Placebo and Pain (pp. 245–260). Academic Press.

Ψυχολογία Φημών

30. R239 — DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor Psychology: Social and Organizational Approaches. American Psychological Association.
31. R240 — Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. (1947). The Psychology of Rumor. Henry Holt and Company.
32. R241 — Shibutani, T. (1966). Improvised News: A Sociological Study of Rumor. Bobbs-Merrill.
33. R242 — Kapferer, J. N. (1990). Rumors: Uses, Interpretations, and Images. Transaction Publishers.
34. R243 — Fine, G. A. (1992). Manufacturing Tales: Sex and Money in Contemporary Legends. University of Tennessee Press.

Ηθική Τύχη

35. R766 — Nagel, T. (1979). Moral luck. In Mortal Questions (pp. 24–38). Cambridge University Press.
36. R767 — Kneer, M., & Machery, E. (2019). No luck for moral luck. Cognition, 182, 331–348.
37. R768 — Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63(3), 190–194.
38. R769 — Zimmerman, M. (2002). Taking luck seriously. Journal of Philosophy, 99(11), 553–576.
39. R770 — Elchardus, M., & Spruyt, B. (2016). Populism, persistent republicanism and declinism. Government and Opposition, 51(1), 111–133.
40. R771 — Eibach, R. P., & Libby, L. K. (2009). Ideology of the good old days. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification (pp. 402–423). Oxford University Press.

Πολιτισμός και Γνωστική Λειτουργία

41. R920 — Nisbett, R. E., et al. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291–310.

20. Μέσα Μαζικής Ενημέρωσης, Παραπληροφόρηση και Περιβάλλον Πληροφοριών

Αυτή η ενότητα συλλέγει πηγές για τις επιδράσεις των μέσων ενημέρωσης, την παραπληροφόρηση και τη διόρθωσή της, τις φούσκες φίλτρων (filter bubbles), την οικονομία της προσοχής και το περιβάλλον των πληροφοριών. Στενά συνδεδεμένο με την ενότητα 08 (Πειθώ) και την ενότητα 06 (Κοινωνική Ψυχολογία). Σχετικό με το "Μακροοικονομικό Πλαίσιο" της PEM, που μετατοπίζεται από την Οικονομία της Προσοχής στην Οικονομία της Εμπιστοσύνης, το φαινόμενο της απατηλής αλήθειας (illusory truth effect), τον κορεσμό περιεχομένου και τον ρόλο των μέσων στη διαμόρφωση της αντίληψης και τον σχηματισμό εμπιστοσύνης.

Βιβλία

1. R126 — Lewandowsky, S., & Cook, J. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. University of Queensland.
2. R127 — Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
3. R130 — Carr, N. (2010). The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. W. W. Norton.
4. R131 — Perloff, R. M. (2014). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century (5th ed.). Routledge. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 08.)
5. R132 — Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd ed.). Routledge.
6. R133 — McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
7. R134 — Mackay, C. (1841). Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Richard Bentley.
8. R135 — Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. Doubleday.
9. R167 — Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press.
10. R58 — Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.

Άρθρα, Εργασίες και Κεφάλαια

Παραπληροφόρηση και Διόρθωση

11. R465 — Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131.
12. R466 — Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, 85(3), 423–441.
13. R467 — Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 01.)

Κοινή Γνώμη και Διάδοση Πληροφοριών

14. R182 — Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 06.)
15. R96 — Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Harcourt, Brace and Company. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 06.)