Personlig Essensmetodik

PEM Bibliografi

01. Kognitiva fördomar och heuristik (Grundläggande)

Grundläggande och översiktliga verk om kognitiva fördomar, heuristik, teorin om dubbla processer (dual-process) och den allmänna arkitekturen för mänsklig bedömning. Källorna här etablerar antingen en bias som ett fenomen eller syntetiserar den bredare litteraturen.

Böcker

1. R1 — Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2. R2 — Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. HarperCollins.
3. R3 — Ariely, D. (2010). The Upside of Irrationality. HarperCollins.
4. R4 — Ariely, D. (2012). The Honest Truth About Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone—Especially Ourselves. Harper.
5. R7 — Gigerenzer, G. (2007). Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking.
6. R9 — Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Rationality for Mortals: How People Cope with Uncertainty. Oxford University Press.
7. R10 — Gigerenzer, G., Todd, P. M., & ABC Research Group. (1999). Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press.
8. R15 — Gilovich, T. (1991). How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press.
9. R16 — Gilovich, T., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. (Eds.). (2002). Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. Cambridge University Press.
10. R22 — Baron, J. (2008). Thinking and Deciding (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
11. R27 — Heuer, R. J. (1999). Psychology of Intelligence Analysis. Center for the Study of Intelligence.
12. R28 — Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press.
13. R48 — Chabris, C., & Simons, D. (2010). The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. Crown.
14. R55 — Hastie, R., & Dawes, R. M. (2010). Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making. SAGE Publications.
15. R76 — Lewis, M. (2016). The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds. W. W. Norton.
16. R103 — Trivers, R. (2011). The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life. Basic Books.
17. R141 — Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2012). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley.
18. R150 — Shotton, R. (2018). The Choice Factory: 25 Behavioural Biases That Influence What We Buy. Harriman House.
19. R152 — Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2017). The Enigma of Reason. Harvard University Press.
20. R153 — Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought. Yale University Press.
21. R215 — Munger, C. (2005). Poor Charlie's Almanack: The Wit and Wisdom of Charles T. Munger. Donning Company.
22. R279 — Dobelli, R. (2013). The Art of Thinking Clearly. Harper / HarperCollins.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Grundläggande Tversky & Kahneman papers

23. R289 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 207–232.
24. R290 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124–1131.
25. R291 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. Psychological Bulletin, 76(2), 105–110.
26. R292 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237–251.
27. R294 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983). Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment. Psychological Review, 90(4), 293–315.
28. R298 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology, 3(3), 430–454.
29. R305 — Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 49–81). Cambridge University Press.

Tillgänglighetsheuristik (Availability heuristic)

30. R306 — Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 195–202.
31. R307 — Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., Layman, M., & Combs, B. (1978). Judged frequency of lethal events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 551–578.
32. R308 — Kuran, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (1999). Availability cascades and risk regulation. Stanford Law Review, 51(4), 683–768.

Base-rate, representativitet, konjunktion

33. R349 — Gigerenzer, G., & Hoffrage, U. (1995). How to improve Bayesian reasoning without instruction: Frequency formats. Psychological Review, 102(4), 684–704.
34. R350 — Bar-Hillel, M. (1980). The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments. Acta Psychologica, 44(3), 211–233.
35. R351 — Koehler, J. J. (1996). The base rate fallacy reconsidered. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 19(1), 1–17.
36. R352 — Meehl, P. E., & Rosen, A. (1955). Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52(3), 194–216.
37. R353 — Hattori, M., & Nishida, Y. (2009). Why does the base rate appear to be ignored? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(6), 1065–1070.

Förankring & inramning (Anchoring & framing)

38. R293 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458.
39. R386 — Strack, F., & Mussweiler, T. (1997). Explaining the enigmatic anchoring effect: Mechanisms of selective accessibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(3), 437–446.
40. R387 — Epley, N., & Gilovich, T. (2006). The anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic: Why the adjustments are insufficient. Psychological Science, 17(4), 311–318.
41. R388 — Englich, B., Mussweiler, T., & Strack, F. (2006). Playing dice with criminal sentences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(2), 188–200.
42. R389 — Ariely, D., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2003). "Coherent arbitrariness": Stable demand curves without stable preferences. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 73–106.
43. R390 — Chapman, G. B., & Johnson, E. J. (2002). Incorporating the irrelevant: Anchors in judgments of belief and value. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 120–138). Cambridge University Press.
44. R411 — Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149–188.
45. R412 — De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science, 313(5787), 684–687.
46. R413 — Levin, I. P., Gaeth, G. J., Schreiber, J., & Lauriola, M. (2002). A new look at framing effects: Distribution of effect sizes, individual differences, and independence of types of effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 411–429.

Bekräftelsebias och resonemangsfel

47. R423 — Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 129–140.
48. R424 — Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(11), 2098–2109.
49. R425 — Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175–220.
50. R426 — Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 57–74.
51. R427 — Klayman, J. (1995). Varieties of confirmation bias. In J. Busemeyer, R. Hastie, & D. L. Medin (Eds.), Decision Making from a Cognitive Perspective (pp. 385–418). Academic Press.
52. R428 — Klayman, J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2), 211–228.
53. R429 — Trope, Y., & Bassok, M. (1982). Confirmatory and diagnosing strategies in social information gathering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(1), 22–34.

Teorin om dubbla processer (Dual-process theory)

54. R430 — Evans, J. St. B. T. (2007). Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgment. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 46, 1–39.
55. R587 — Evans, J. St. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255–278.
56. R581 — Stupple, E. J. N., Ball, L. J., Evans, J. St. B. T., & Kamal-Smith, E. (2011). When logic and belief collide: Individual differences in reasoning times support a selective processing model. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 931–941.

Bias blind spot och naiv realism

57. R472 — Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self versus others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(3), 369–381.
58. R473 — Pronin, E., & Kugler, M. B. (2007). Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 565–578.
59. R474 — West, R. F., Meserve, R. J., & Stanovich, K. E. (2012). Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(3), 506–519.
60. R475 — Scopelliti, I., Morewedge, C. K., McCormick, E., Min, H. L., Lebrecht, S., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Bias blind spot: Structure, measurement, and consequences. Management Science, 61(10), 2468–2486.
61. R476 — Morewedge, C. K., Yoon, H., Scopelliti, I., Symborski, C. W., Korris, J. H., & Kassam, K. S. (2015). Debiasing decisions: Improved decision making with a single training intervention. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 129–140.
62. R477 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). Naive realism in everyday life. In E. S. Reed, E. Turiel, & T. Brown (Eds.), Values and Knowledge (pp. 103–135). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
63. R731 — Pronin, E. (2007). Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment. In J. M. Darley, D. M. Messick, & T. R. Tyler (Eds.), Social Influences on Ethical Behavior in Organizations (pp. 37–53). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Naiv cynism

64. R478 — Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (1999). "Naïve cynicism": Everyday theories of responsibility assessment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 743–753.
65. R479 — Benforado, A., & Hanson, J. (2008). Naïve cynicism: Maintaining false perceptions in policy debates. Emory Law Journal, 57(3), 499–596.
66. R480 — Takeda, M., & Numazaki, M. (2010). Naïve cynicism among Japanese dating couples. Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 35–42.
67. R481 — Mills, C. M., & Keil, F. C. (2005). The development of cynicism. Psychological Science, 16(5), 385–390.

Bias-översikter och metaanalyser

68. R469 — Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424.
69. R506 — Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Prentice-Hall.

Kontrast, distinktion och utvärderingsbarhet

70. R397 — Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-Level Theory: An Experimental and Systematic Approach to Behavior. Harper & Row.
71. R398 — Mussweiler, T. (2003). Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences. Psychological Review, 110(3), 472–489.
72. R399 — Kenrick, D. T., & Gutierres, S. E. (1980). Contrast effects and judgments of physical attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 131–140.
73. R400 — Pepitone, A., & DiNubile, M. (1976). Contrast effects in judgments of crime severity and the punishment of criminal violators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(4), 448–459.
74. R402 — Hsee, C. K., & Zhang, J. (2004). Distinction bias: Misprediction and mischoice due to joint evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 680–695.
75. R403 — Hsee, C. K. (1996). The evaluability hypothesis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(3), 247–257.
76. R404 — Bohnet, I., van Geen, A., & Bazerman, M. (2016). When performance trumps gender bias: Joint vs. separate evaluation. Management Science, 62(5), 1225–1234.
77. R405 — Anvari, F., Olsen, J., Hung, W. Y., & Feldman, G. (2021). Distinction bias and preference reversals between joint and separate evaluations: A replication and extension. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, 104059.

Fokuseringsillusion

78. R407 — Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346.
79. R408 — Kőszegi, B., & Szeidl, Á. (2013). A model of focusing in economic choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), 53–104.
80. R409 — Lam, K. C., Buehler, R., McFarland, C., Ross, M., & Cheung, I. (2005). Cultural differences in affective forecasting: The role of focalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(9), 1296–1309.
81. R410 — Dertwinkel-Kalt, M., & Wenzel, T. (2017). Focusing and framing of risky alternatives. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 159, 289–304.

Konservatism, trosuppdatering (belief revision)

82. R391 — Edwards, W. (1968). Conservatism in human information processing. In B. Kleinmuntz (Ed.), Formal Representation of Human Judgment. Wiley.
83. R392 — Phillips, L. D., & Edwards, W. (1966). Conservatism in a simple probability inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(3), 346–354.
84. R395 — Corner, A., Harris, A. J. L., & Hahn, U. (2010). Conservatism in belief revision and participant skepticism. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
85. R396 — Lefebvre, G., Lebreton, M., Meyniel, F., Bourgeois-Gironde, S., & Palminteri, S. (2017). Behavioural and neural characterization of optimistic reinforcement learning. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0067.

Illusorisk korrelation och mönsteruppfattning

86. R523 — Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1967). Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72(3), 193–204.
87. R524 — Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, J. P. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74(3), 271–280.
88. R525 — Hamilton, D. L., & Gifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12(4), 392–407.
89. R526 — Fiedler, K. (2000). Illusory correlations: A simple associative algorithm provides a convergent account of seemingly divergent paradigms. Review of General Psychology, 4(1), 25–58.
90. R527 — Redelmeier, D. A., & Tversky, A. (1996). On the belief that arthritis pain is related to the weather. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(7), 2895–2896.
91. R528 — Fiedler, K., & Freytag, P. (2004). Pseudocontingencies. In R. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions (pp. 97–114). Psychology Press.

Fortsatt påverkan av felinformation

92. R464 — Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(6), 1420–1436.
93. R467 — Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100.

Backfire-effekten

94. R989 — Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010). When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions. Political Behavior, 32(2), 303–330.
95. R990 — Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019). The elusive backfire effect: Mass attitudes' steadfast factual adherence. Political Behavior, 41(1), 135–163.
96. R991 — Kaplan, J. T., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016). Neural correlates of maintaining one's political beliefs in the face of counterevidence. Scientific Reports, 6, 39589.

02. Bedömning och beslutsfattande under osäkerhet

Prospektteori (prospect theory), beslut under risk och osäkerhet, sannolikhetsbedömning, sunk-cost-resonemang, intertemporala val och de centrala anomalierna i valbeteende.

Böcker

1. R11 — Taleb, N. N. (2005). Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets (2nd ed.). Random House.
2. R12 — Taleb, N. N. (2007). The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable. Random House.
3. R13 — Taleb, N. N. (2012). Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. Random House.
4. R14 — Taleb, N. N. (2018). Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life. Random House.
5. R24 — Mlodinow, L. (2008). The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives. Pantheon Books.
6. R59 — Mauboussin, M. J. (2012). The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing. Harvard Business Review Press.
7. R60 — Silver, N. (2012). The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail—But Some Don't. Penguin Press.
8. R64 — Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Houghton Mifflin.
9. R65 — Savage, L. J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. John Wiley & Sons.
10. R66 — Ellsberg, D. (2001). Risk, Ambiguity and Decision. Routledge.
11. R67 — Gilboa, I. (2009). Theory of Decision under Uncertainty. Cambridge University Press.
12. R68 — Hansen, L. P., & Sargent, T. J. (2008). Robustness. Princeton University Press.
13. R18 — Tetlock, P. E. (2005). Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? Princeton University Press.
14. R19 — Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction. Crown.
15. R195 — Hand, D. J. (2014). The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day. Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
16. R198 — Gladwell, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. Little, Brown.
17. R199 — Iyengar, S. (2010). The Art of Choosing. Twelve.
18. R200 — Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less. Harper Perennial.
19. R234 — Meehl, P. E. (1954). Clinical vs. Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. University of Minnesota Press.
20. R278 — Duke, A. (2018). Thinking in Bets: Making Smarter Decisions When You Don't Have All the Facts. Portfolio / Penguin.
21. R687 — Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press.

Beslutsfattande under djup osäkerhet

22. A39 — Lempert, R. J., Popper, S. W., & Bankes, S. C. (2003). Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis. RAND Corporation.
23. A40 — Marchau, V. A. W. J., Walker, W. E., Bloemen, P. J. T. M., & Popper, S. W. (Eds.). (2019). Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty: From Theory to Practice. Springer.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Prospektteori – Kärna

24. R295 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323.
25. R296 — Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1991). Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(4), 1039–1061.
26. R297 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–291.
27. R299 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39(4), 341–350.
28. R300 — Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1325–1348.
29. R301 — Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1991). Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 193–206.
30. R955 — Ruggeri, K., et al. (2020). Replicating patterns of prospect theory for decision under risk. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 622–633.
31. R956 — Gal, D., & Rucker, D. D. (2018). The loss of loss aversion: Will it loom larger than its gain? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 28(3), 497–516.

Ägandeeffekten (Endowment effect), betalningsvilja vs. acceptans

32. R985 — Carmon, Z., & Ariely, D. (2000). Focusing on the forgone: How value can appear so different to buyers and sellers. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(3), 360–370.
33. R986 — List, J. A. (2003). Does market experience eliminate market anomalies? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1), 41–71.
34. R987 — Plott, C. R., & Zeiler, K. (2005). The willingness to pay–willingness to accept gap, the "endowment effect," subject misconceptions, and experimental procedures for eliciting valuations. American Economic Review, 95(3), 530–545.
35. R988 — Maddux, W. W., Yang, H., Falk, C., Adam, H., Adair, W., Endo, Y., et al. (2010). For whom is parting with possessions more painful? Psychological Science, 21(12), 1910–1917.

Sunk cost och eskalering av engagemang

36. R943 — Arkes, H. R., & Blumer, C. (1985). The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(1), 124–140.
37. R944 — Staw, B. M., & Hoang, H. (1995). Sunk costs in the NBA. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 474–494.
38. R945 — Thaler, R. (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 1, 39–60.
39. R946 — Staw, B. M. (1976). Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(1), 27–44.
40. R947 — Staw, B. M., & Ross, J. (1987). Behavior in escalation situations: Antecedents, prototypes, and solutions. Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 39–78.
41. R948 — Keil, M., et al. (2000). A cross-cultural study on escalation of commitment behavior in software projects. MIS Quarterly, 24(2), 299–325.
42. R949 — Ross, J., & Staw, B. M. (1993). Organizational escalation and exit: Lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. Academy of Management Journal, 36(4), 701–732.
43. R992 — Cho, K. Y., & Critcher, C. R. (2025). Doubling-back aversion: A reluctance to make progress by undoing it. Psychological Science.
44. R993 — Arkes, H. R. (1996). The psychology of waste. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.

Status quo, utelämnande, handlingsbias

45. R344 — Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1990). Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 3(4), 263–277.
46. R345 — Spranca, M., Minsk, E., & Baron, J. (1991). Omission and commission in judgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(1), 76–105.
47. R346 — Baron, J., & Ritov, I. (1994). Reference points and omission bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 59(3), 475–498.
48. R347 — DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2013). A solution to the mysteries of morality. Psychological Bulletin, 139(2), 477–496.
49. R348 — Bar-Eli, M., Azar, O. H., Ritov, I., Keidar-Levin, Y., & Schein, G. (2007). Action bias among elite soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(5), 606–621.
50. R901 — Patt, A., & Zeckhauser, R. (2000). Action bias and environmental decisions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 21(1), 45–72.
51. R902 — Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading is hazardous to your wealth. Journal of Finance, 55(2), 773–806.
52. R904 — Berger, R. (2011). Should I stay or should I go? On the goalkeeper's dilemma in penalty shootouts. Journal of Economic Psychology.
53. R905 — Ritov, I., & Baron, J. (1992). Status quo and omission biases. Advances in Decision Making (pp. 59–78). Elsevier.

Sannolikhetsbedömning, stödteori (support theory)

54. R691 — Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. J. (1994). Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review, 101(4), 547–567.
55. R692 — Fox, C. R., & Tversky, A. (1998). A belief-based account of decision under uncertainty. Management Science, 44(7), 879–895.
56. R693 — Redelmeier, D. A., Koehler, D. J., Liberman, V., & Tversky, A. (1995). Probability judgement in medicine. Medical Decision Making, 15(3), 227–230.
57. R694 — Bearden, J. N., Wallsten, T. S., & Fox, C. R. (2004). Subadditivity and similarity in probabilistic judgments. Working Paper, University of Arizona.
58. R695 — Thomas, R. P., Dougherty, M. R., Sprenger, A. M., & Harbison, J. I. (2008). Diagnostic hypothesis generation and human judgment. Psychological Review, 115(1), 155–185.
59. R696 — Koehler, D. J. (2000). Explanation, imagination, and confidence in judgment. In D. Griffin, D. J. Koehler, & N. Harvey (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook of Judgment and Decision Making (pp. 499–519). Blackwell Publishing.
60. R500 — Lichtenstein, S., & Slovic, P. (1971). Reversals of preference between bids and choices in gambling decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89(1), 46–55.

Sannolikhetsförsummelse, skräckrisk, affektheuristik i risk

61. R498 — Rottenstreich, Y., & Hsee, C. K. (2001). Money, kisses, and electric shocks: On the affective psychology of risk. Psychological Science, 12(3), 185–190.
62. R499 — Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Probability neglect: Emotions, worst cases, and law. Yale Law Journal, 112(1), 61–107.
63. R501 — Gigerenzer, G. (2004). Dread risk, September 11, and fatal traffic accidents. Psychological Science, 15(4), 286–287.
64. R937 — Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002). The affect heuristic. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 397–420). Cambridge University Press.
65. R938 — Finucane, M. L., Alhakami, A., Slovic, P., & Johnson, S. M. (2000). The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 13(1), 1–17.
66. R940 — Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 267–286.
67. R942 — Slovic, P., Finucane, M. L., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2004). Risk as analysis and risk as feelings. In P. Slovic (Ed.), The Perception of Risk (pp. 137–163). Earthscan.

Identifiable victim effect, psykisk bedövning

68. R927 — Schelling, T. C. (1968). The life you save may be your own. In S. B. Chase, Jr. (Ed.), Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis (pp. 127–162). Brookings Institution.
69. R928 — Small, D. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Helping a victim or helping the victim: Altruism and identifiability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 26(1), 5–16.
70. R929 — Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005). The "identified victim" effect: An identified group, or just a single individual? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(3), 157–167.
71. R930 — Small, D. A., Loewenstein, G., & Slovic, P. (2007). Sympathy and callousness: The impact of deliberative thought on donations to identifiable and statistical victims. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(2), 143–153.
72. R931 — Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 1–15.
73. R932 — Wang, Y., Tang, J., & Wang, X. (2015). Cultural differences in donation decision-making. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0138219.
74. R936 — Jenni, K. E., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining the "identifiable victim effect." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 14(3), 235–257.
75. R941 — Slovic, P. (2007). "If I look at the mass I will never act": Psychic numbing and genocide. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(2), 79–95.

Varm/kall empatiklyfta och instinktiv påverkan

76. R338 — Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 272–292.
77. R339 — Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2006). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 19(2), 87–98.
78. R340 — Van Boven, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). Social projection of transient drive states. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1159–1168.
79. R341 — Nordgren, L. F., Banas, K., & MacDonald, G. (2011). Empathy gaps for social pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 120–128.
80. R343 — Loewenstein, G. (2005). Hot-cold empathy gaps and medical decision making. Health Psychology, 24(4S), S49–S56.

Intertemporala val och hyperbolisk diskontering

81. R913 — Ainslie, G. (1975). Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin, 82(4), 463–496.
82. R914 — Laibson, D. (1997). Golden eggs and hyperbolic discounting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 443–478.
83. R915 — McClure, S. M., Laibson, D. I., Loewenstein, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science, 306(5695), 503–507.
84. R916 — Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007). The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nature Neuroscience, 10(12), 1625–1633.
85. R917 — Ruggeri, K., et al. (2022). The globalizability of temporal discounting. Nature Human Behaviour, 6, 1386–1397.
86. R918 — Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O'Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. In G. Loewenstein, D. Read, & R. Baumeister (Eds.), Time and Decision (pp. 13–86). Russell Sage Foundation.
87. R919 — Steinberg, L., et al. (2018). Around the world, adolescence is a time of heightened sensation seeking and immature self-regulation. Developmental Science, 21(2).
88. R120 — Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of Will. Cambridge University Press.

Projektionsbias, restraint bias

89. R797 — Loewenstein, G., O'Donoghue, T., & Rabin, M. (2003). Projection bias in predicting future utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1209–1248.
90. R798 — Conlin, M., O'Donoghue, T., & Vogelsang, T. J. (2007). Projection bias in catalog orders. American Economic Review, 97(4), 1217–1249.
91. R799 — Busse, M. R., Pope, D. G., Pope, J. C., & Silva-Risso, J. (2015). The psychological effect of weather on car purchases. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 371–414.
92. R800 — Read, D., & van Leeuwen, B. (1998). Predicting hunger: The effects of appetite and delay on choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 189–205.
93. R801 — Nordgren, L. F., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2009). The restraint bias: How the illusion of self-restraint promotes impulsive behavior. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1523–1528.

Pseudocertainty, probabilistisk försäkring

94. R981 — Wakker, P. P., Thaler, R. H., & Tversky, A. (1997). Probabilistic insurance. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 15(1), 7–28.
95. R982 — Herrero, C., Tomás, J., & Villar, A. (2006). Decision theories and probabilistic insurance: An experimental test. Spanish Economic Review, 8(1), 35–52.
96. R983 — Schmidt, U., & Seidl, C. (2014). Reconsidering the common ratio effect. Theory and Decision, 77(3), 323–339.
97. R984 — Li, M., & Chapman, G. B. (2009). "100% of anything looks good": The appeal of one hundred percent. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 156–162.

Effektiv altruism och beslutsfilosofi

98. R933 — MacAskill, W. (2015). Doing Good Better. Avery.
99. R934 — Bloom, P. (2016). Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion. Ecco.
100. R935 — Singer, P. (2015). The Most Good You Can Do. Yale University Press.

Iyengar & Lepper om överflöd av val (choice overload)

101. R259 — Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). When choice is demotivating: Can one desire too much of a good thing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 995–1006. (Corrected per addendum item 3.)

Hot hand, spelarens felslut (gambler's fallacy)

102. R492 — Gilovich, T., Vallone, R., & Tversky, A. (1985). The hot hand in basketball: On the misperception of random sequences. Cognitive Psychology, 17(3), 295–314.
103. R493 — Miller, J. B., & Sanjurjo, A. (2018). Surprised by the hot hand fallacy? A truth in the law of small numbers. Econometrica, 86(6), 2019–2047.
104. R494 — Clarke, R. D. (1946). An application of the Poisson distribution. Journal of the Institute of Actuaries, 72(3), 481.
105. R495 — Wagenaar, W. A. (1972). Generation of random sequences by human subjects: A critical survey of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 77(1), 65–72.
106. R496 — Falk, R., & Konold, C. (1997). Making sense of randomness: Implicit encoding as a basis for judgment. Psychological Review, 104(2), 301–318.
107. R517 — Ayton, P., & Fischer, I. (2004). The hot hand fallacy and the gambler's fallacy: Two faces of subjective randomness? Memory & Cognition, 32(8), 1369–1378.
108. R518 — Chen, D., Moskowitz, T., & Shue, K. (2016). Decision making under the gambler's fallacy: Evidence from asylum judges, loan officers, and baseball umpires. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3), 1181–1242.
109. R519 — Oppenheimer, D. M., & Monin, B. (2009). The retrospective gambler's fallacy. Judgment and Decision Making, 4(5), 326–334.
110. R520 — Bocskocsky, A., Ezekowitz, J., & Stein, C. (2014). The hot hand: A new approach to an old "fallacy." MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference.
111. R521 — Liu, L., Wang, Y., Sinatra, R., Giles, C. L., Song, C., & Wang, D. (2018). Hot streaks in artistic, cultural, and scientific careers. Nature, 559(7714), 396–399.
112. R522 — Wilke, A., & Barrett, H. C. (2009). The hot hand phenomenon as a cognitive adaptation to clumped resources. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(3), 161–169.
113. R672 — Lecoutre, M. P. (1992). Cognitive models and problem spaces in "purely random" situations. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 23, 557–568.
114. R497 — Wainer, H., & Zwerling, H. L. (2006). Evidence that smaller schools do not improve student achievement. Phi Delta Kappan, 88(4), 300–303.

Tidsbesparingsillusion (Time-saving / MPG illusion)

115. R786 — Svenson, O. (2008). Decisions among time saving options: When intuition is strong and wrong. Acta Psychologica, 127(2), 501–509.
116. R787 — Peer, E. (2010). Speeding and the time-saving bias. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1978–1982.
117. R788 — Svenson, O. (2011). Biased decisions concerning productivity increase options. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(3), 440–445.
118. R789 — Larrick, R. P., & Soll, J. B. (2008). The MPG illusion. Science, 320(5883), 1593–1594.
119. R790 — Fuller, R., et al. (2009). The conditions for inappropriate high speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(6), 2010–2025.
120. R791 — Eriksson, G., Svenson, O., & Eriksson, L. (2013). The time-saving bias: Judgments, cognition, and perception. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 492–497.
121. R792 — Svenson, O. (2009). Driving speed changes and subjective estimates of time savings, accident risks and braking. Applied Cognitive Psychology.

03. Minne och kognition

Minnessystem (episodiskt, semantiskt, arbetsminne), falska minnen, mnemoniska effekter, inlärning och retention, kunskapsrepresentation och den kognitiva arkitekturen bakom att minnas och glömma.

Böcker

1. R17 — Schacter, D. L. (2001). The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers. Houghton Mifflin.
2. R29 — Baddeley, A. D., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2020). Memory (3rd ed.). Psychology Press.
3. R30 — Baddeley, A. D. (2007). Working Memory, Thought, and Action. Oxford University Press.
4. R31 — Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of Human Memory. Psychology Press.
5. R32 — Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K. (1994). The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse. St. Martin's Press.
6. R33 — Loftus, E. F., & Ketcham, K. (1991). Witness for the Defense: The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial. St. Martin's Press.
7. R34 — Thompson-Cannino, J., Cotton, R., & Torneo, E. (2009). Picking Cotton: Our Memoir of Injustice and Redemption. St. Martin's Press.
8. R35 — Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford University Press.
9. R36 — Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Harvard University Press / Belknap Press.
10. R37 — Yates, F. A. (1966). The Art of Memory. University of Chicago Press.
11. R38 — Luria, A. R. (1968). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book about a Vast Memory. Harvard University Press.
12. R39 — Shaw, J. (2016). The Memory Illusion: Remembering, Forgetting, and the Science of False Memory. Random House.
13. R40 — Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The Science of False Memory. Oxford University Press.
14. R41 — Ebbinghaus, H. (1885/1913). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. E. Bussenius, Trans.). Teachers College, Columbia University. (Corrected per addendum item 1.)
15. R42 — Schwartz, B. L. (2002). Tip-of-the-Tongue States: Phenomenology, Mechanism, and Lexical Retrieval. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
16. R44 — Cowan, N. (2005). Working Memory Capacity. Psychology Press.
17. R45 — Neisser, U., & Hyman, I. E. (Eds.). (2000). Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts (2nd ed.). Worth Publishers.
18. R46 — Rubin, D. C. (Ed.). (1996). Remembering Our Past: Studies in Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge University Press.
19. R47 — Surprenant, A. M., & Neath, I. (2009). Principles of Memory. Psychology Press.
20. R221 — Paivio, A. (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford University Press.
21. R222 — Engelkamp, J., & Zimmer, H. D. (1994). The Human Memory: A Multi-Modal Approach. Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
22. R248 — Wegner, D. M. (1987). Transactive Memory: A Contemporary Analysis of the Group Mind. Springer-Verlag.
23. R287 — Tulving, E., & Donaldson, W. (Eds.). (1972). Organization of Memory. Academic Press.
24. R370 — Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Arbetsminne och chunking

25. R702 — Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81–97.
26. R703 — Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 87–114.
27. R704 — Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). Academic Press.
28. R705 — Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4(1), 55–81.
29. R706 — Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208(4448), 1181–1182.
30. R707 — Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(3), 411–421.
31. R708 — Logie, R. H. (1995). Visuo-spatial working memory. In Working Memory and Cognition (pp. 33–90). Psychology Press.

Kontext, tillstånd, humör och kodning-specificitet

32. R328 — Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–373.
33. R329 — Godden, D. R., & Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context-dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325–331.
34. R330 — Eich, J. E. (1980). The cue-dependent nature of state-dependent retrieval. Memory & Cognition, 8(2), 157–173.
35. R331 — Tulving, E. (1974). Cue-dependent forgetting. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 352–373). Academic Press.
36. R332 — Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129–148.
37. R333 — Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39–66.
38. R334 — Matt, G. E., Vázquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 227–255.
39. R335 — Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122–1131.

Mnemoniska effekter: bisarrhet, humor, distinktion

40. R354 — McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (1986). Bizarre imagery as an effective memory aid. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 54–65.
41. R355 — Geraci, L., McDaniel, M. A., Miller, T. M., & Hughes, M. L. (2013). The bizarreness effect: Evidence for the critical influence of retrieval processes. Memory & Cognition, 41, 1228–1237.
42. R356 — Nicolas, S., & Marchal, A. (1998). Implicit memory, explicit memory, and the picture bizarreness effect. Acta Psychologica, 99(1), 43–58.
43. R357 — McDaniel, M. A., & Einstein, G. O. (1991). Bizarre imagery: Mnemonic benefits and theoretical implications. In R. H. Logie & M. Denis (Eds.), Mental Images in Human Cognition (pp. 183–192). Elsevier.
44. R358 — Schmidt, S. R. (1994). Effects of humor on sentence memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(4), 953–967.
45. R359 — Schmidt, S. R. (2002). The humour effect: Differential processing and privileged retrieval. Memory, 10(2), 127–138.
46. R360 — Kaplan, R. M., & Pascoe, G. C. (1977). Humorous lectures and humorous examples: Some effects upon comprehension and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(1), 61–65.
47. R361 — Takahashi, M., & Inoue, T. (2009). The effects of humor on memory for non-sensical pictures. Acta Psychologica, 132(1), 80–84.
48. R362 — Wyer, R. S., & Collins, J. E. (1992). A theory of humor elicitation. Psychological Review, 99(4), 663–688.
49. R363 — Chambers, A. M., & Payne, J. D. (2014). The role of sleep in the consolidation of humorous memories. Sleep, 37(3), 1–9.
50. R364 — Suls, J. M. (1972). A two-stage model for the appreciation of jokes and cartoons. In J. H. Goldstein & P. E. McGhee (Eds.), The Psychology of Humor (pp. 81–100). Academic Press.
51. R365 — Von Restorff, H. (1933). Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung, 18, 299–342.
52. R366 — Hunt, R. R. (1995). The subtlety of distinctiveness: What von Restorff really did. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(1), 105–112.
53. R367 — Karis, D., Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1984). "P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 177–216.
54. R368 — Schmidt, S. R. (1991). Can we have a distinctive theory of memory? Memory & Cognition, 19(6), 523–542.
55. R369 — Hunt, R. R. (2006). The concept of distinctiveness in memory research. In R. R. Hunt & J. B. Worthen (Eds.), Distinctiveness and Memory (pp. 3–25). Oxford University Press.

Bildöverlägsenhet och dubbel kodning

56. R371 — Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176–206.
57. R372 — Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & Walling, J. R. (1976). Pictorial superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2(5), 523–528.
58. R373 — Weldon, M. S., & Roediger, H. L. (1987). Altering retrieval demands reverses the picture superiority effect. Memory & Cognition, 15(4), 269–280.
59. R374 — Curran, T., & Doyle, J. (2011). Picture superiority doubly dissociates the ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(5), 1247–1262.
60. R375 — Stenberg, G. (2006). Conceptual and perceptual factors in the picture superiority effect. In H. D. Zimmer et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Binding and Memory (pp. 251–273). Oxford University Press.

Självreferenseffekten

61. R376 — Rogers, T. B., Kuiper, N. A., & Kirker, W. S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 677–688.
62. R377 — Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 371–394.
63. R378 — Zhu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, J., & Han, S. (2007). Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation. NeuroImage, 34(3), 1310–1316.
64. R379 — Philippi, C. L., et al. (2012). Damage to the medial prefrontal cortex abolishes the self-reference effect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(2), 475–481.
65. R380 — Denny, B. T., et al. (2012). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self- and other judgments. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24(8), 1742–1752.

Illusorisk sanning, upprepning, flyt

66. R314 — Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107–112.
67. R315 — Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993–1002.
68. R316 — Unkelbach, C., & Rom, S. C. (2017). A referential theory of the repetition-induced truth effect. Cognition, 160, 110–126.
69. R317 — Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880.
70. R318 — Newman, E. J., Garry, M., Bernstein, D. M., Christensen, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2012). Nonprobative photographs (or words) inflate truthiness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 19(5), 969–974.
71. R319 — Begg, I., Anas, A., & Farinacci, S. (1992). Dissociation of processes in belief: Source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121(4), 446–458.

Blotta exponeringseffekten (Mere exposure effect)

72. R320 — Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(2, Pt.2), 1–27.
73. R321 — Bornstein, R. F. (1989). Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 265–289.
74. R322 — Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., Vevea, J. L., Citkowicz, M., & Lauber, E. A. (2017). A re-examination of the mere exposure effect. Psychological Bulletin, 143(5), 459–498.
75. R323 — Ballard, I. C., Hennigan, K., & McClure, S. M. (2017). Neural correlates of the mere exposure effect. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
76. R324 — Bornstein, R. F. (1992). Subliminal mere exposure effects. In R. F. Bornstein & T. S. Pittman (Eds.), Perception without Awareness (pp. 191–210). Guilford Press.

Källövervakning, falska minnen, val-stödjande bias

77. R432 — Mather, M., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Choice-supportive source monitoring: Do our decisions seem better to us as we age? Psychology and Aging, 15(4), 596–606.
78. R433 — Mather, M., Shafir, E., & Johnson, M. K. (2000). Misremembrance of options past: Source monitoring and choice. Psychological Science, 11(2), 132–138.
79. R436 — Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 3–28.

Blixtminnen och självbiografiskt minne

80. R747 — Neter, J., & Waksberg, J. (1964). A study of response errors in expenditures data from household interviews. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 59(305), 18–55.
81. R748 — Brown, N. R., Rips, L. J., & Shevell, S. K. (1985). The subjective dates of natural events in very-long-term memory. Cognitive Psychology, 17(2), 139–177.
82. R749 — Neisser, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd & U. Neisser (Eds.), Affect and Accuracy in Recall (pp. 9–31). Cambridge University Press.
83. R750 — Talarico, J. M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 14(5), 455–461.
84. R751 — Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2007). Pleasantness bias in flashbulb memories. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 565–577.
85. R752 — Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L. V., & Bradburn, N. M. (1990). Reports of elapsed time: Bounding and rounding processes in estimation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(2), 196–213.

Rosy retrospection, fading affect bias

86. R753 — Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. (1997). Temporal adjustments in the evaluation of events: The "rosy view." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33(4), 421–448.
87. R754 — Mitchell, T. R., & Thompson, L. (1994). A theory of temporal adjustments of the evaluation of events. Advances in Managerial Cognition and Organizational Information Processing, 5, 85–114. JAI Press.
88. R755 — Ritchie, T. D., et al. (2015). A pancultural perspective on the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Memory, 23(3), 278–290.
89. R756 — Walker, W. R., & Skowronski, J. J. (2009). The fading affect bias: But what the hell is it for? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(8), 1122–1136.

Efterklokhetsbias (Hindsight bias)

90. R710 — Fischhoff, B. (1975). Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(3), 288–299.
91. R757 — Roese, N. J., & Vohs, K. D. (2012). Hindsight bias. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 411–426.
92. R758 — Hoffrage, U., Hertwig, R., & Gigerenzer, G. (2000). Hindsight bias: A by-product of knowledge updating? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(3), 566–581.
93. R759 — Bernstein, D. M., et al. (2011). The hindsight bias from 3 to 95 years of age. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(2), 378–391.
94. R760 — Harley, E. M., Carlsen, K. A., & Loftus, G. R. (2004). The "saw-it-all-along" effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(5), 960–968.
95. R761 — Hawkins, S. A., & Hastie, R. (1990). Hindsight: Biased judgments of past events after the outcomes are known. In R. M. Hogarth (Ed.), Insights in Decision Making (pp. 311–327). University of Chicago Press.

Verbal overshadowing, peak-end, duration neglect

96. R509 — Schooler, J. W., & Engstler-Schooler, T. Y. (1990). Verbal overshadowing of visual memories. Cognitive Psychology, 22(1), 36–71.
97. R303 — Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, B. L., Schreiber, C. A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science, 4(6), 401–405.

Självkonsistens / självbiografisk revidering

98. R804 — Ross, M. (1989). Relation of implicit theories to the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review, 96(2), 341–357.
99. R805 — Markus, G. B. (1986). Stability and change in political attitudes: Observed, recalled, and "explained." Political Behavior, 8(1), 21–44.
100. R806 — Conway, M., & Ross, M. (1984). Getting what you want by revising what you had. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 738–748.
101. R807 — Greene, C. M., & Murphy, G. (2020). Can false memories be created for political content? Psychological Science, 31(12), 1584–1597.
102. R808 — Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults' earliest childhood recollection and self-description. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 220–233.
103. R809 — Ross, M., & Wilson, A. E. (2003). Autobiographical memory and conceptions of self: Getting better all the time. In D. L. Schacter & E. Scarry (Eds.), Memory, Brain, and Belief (pp. 199–226). Harvard University Press.
104. R810 — Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist.

Genereringseffekt, retrieval practice, inlärning

105. R950 — Slamecka, N. J., & Graf, P. (1978). The generation effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4(6), 592–604.
106. R951 — Rosner, Z. A., Elman, J. A., & Shimamura, A. P. (2013). The generation effect: Activating broad neural circuits during memory encoding. Cortex, 49(7), 1901–1909.
107. R952 — Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006). Test-enhanced learning: Taking memory tests improves long-term retention. Psychological Science, 17(3), 249–255.
108. R953 — Kinoshita, S. (1989). Generation enhances semantic processing? Memory & Cognition, 17(5), 563–571.
109. R954 — Jacoby, L. L. (1978). On interpreting the effects of repetition: Solving a problem versus remembering a solution. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17, 649–667.
110. R962 — Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the "enemy of induction"? Psychological Science, 19(6), 585–592.
111. R963 — Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe & A. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing About Knowing (pp. 185–205). MIT Press.
112. R964 — Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (1992). A new theory of disuse and an old theory of stimulus fluctuation. In A. Healy, S. Kosslyn, & R. Shiffrin (Eds.), From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes (Vol. 2, pp. 35–67). Erlbaum.

Sömn och minneskonsolidering

113. A27 — Diekelmann, S., & Born, J. (2010). The memory function of sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 114–126.
114. A28 — Stickgold, R. (2005). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Nature, 437(7063), 1272–1278.
115. A29 — Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013). About sleep's role in memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2), 681–766.

Konfabulering och neuropsykologi kring minnet

116. R484 — Korsakoff, S. (1889). Psychosis polyneuritica seu Cerebropathia psychica toxaemica. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten.
117. R485 — Moscovitch, M. (1989). Confabulation and the frontal system: Strategic versus associative retrieval in neuropsychological theories of memory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 444.
118. R486 — Schnider, A. (2003). Spontaneous confabulation and the adaptation of thought to ongoing reality. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(8), 662–671.
119. R487 — Fotopoulou, A. (2010). The affective neuropsychology of confabulation and delusion. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 15(1-3), 38–63.
120. R488 — Sacks, O. (1985). The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales. Summit Books.
121. R489 — Gazzaniga, M. S. (2011). Who's in Charge?: Free Will and the Science of the Brain. Ecco.
122. R490 — Kopelman, M. D. (1999). Varieties of Confabulation and Delusion. Cambridge University Press.
123. R491 — Gilboa, A. (2006). Strategic retrieval, confabulations, and delusions: Theory and data. In R. Bentall (Ed.), Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders (pp. 55–92). Martin Dunitz.

Kunskapens förbannelse (Curse of knowledge)

124. R510 — Birch, S. A., & Bloom, P. (2007). The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs. Psychological Science, 18(5), 382–386.
125. R709 — Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G., & Weber, M. (1989). The curse of knowledge in economic settings: An experimental analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 97(5), 1232–1254.
126. R711 — Newton, E. L. (1990). The Rocky Road from Actions to Intentions (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University).

Vittnespsykologi

127. R624 — Wells, G. L., & Olson, E. A. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277–295.

04. Perception, uppmärksamhet och medvetande

Visuell och social perception, uppmärksamhet och inattentional blindness, antropomorfism och upptäckande av aktörskap, psykofysik, prediktiv bearbetning, det omedvetna och relaterade grunder.

Böcker

1. R25 — Mlodinow, L. (2012). Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior. Pantheon.
2. R50 — Clark, A. (2013). Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind. Oxford University Press.
3. R51 — Gregory, R. L. (1997). Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing. Princeton University Press.
4. R52 — Pfungst, O. (1911). Clever Hans (The Horse of Mr. Von Osten): A Contribution to Experimental Animal and Human Psychology. Henry Holt.
5. R173 — Guthrie, S. (1993). Faces in the Clouds: A New Theory of Religion. Oxford University Press.
6. R174 — Barrett, J. L. (2004). Why Would Anyone Believe in God? AltaMira Press.
7. R176 — Michotte, A. (1963). The Perception of Causality. Basic Books. (Original work published 1946)
8. R228 — Gescheider, G. A. (1997). Psychophysics: The Fundamentals (3rd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. R229 — Baird, J. C., & Noma, E. (1978). Fundamentals of Scaling and Psychophysics. Wiley.
10. R230 — Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf und Härtel.
11. R246 — Bornstein, R. F., & Pittman, T. S. (Eds.). (1992). Perception without Awareness. Guilford Press.
12. R260 — Conrad, K. (1958). Die beginnende Schizophrenie. Thieme.
13. R261 — Rorschach, H. (1921). Psychodiagnostik. Ernst Bircher.
14. R288 — Hubbard, T. (Ed.). (2018). Spatial Biases in Perception and Cognition. Cambridge University Press.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Uppmärksamhet och inattentional blindness

15. R309 — Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24.
16. R310 — MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tata, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(1), 15–20.
17. R311 — Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28(9), 1059–1074.
18. R312 — Drew, T., Võ, M. L. H., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). The invisible gorilla strikes again: Sustained inattentional blindness in expert observers. Psychological Science, 24(9), 1848–1853.
19. R313 — MacLeod, C., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2015). The attentional bias modification approach to anxiety intervention. In S. G. Hofmann (Ed.), Clinical Psychology: A Global Perspective (pp. 236–258). Wiley-Blackwell.

Prediktiv bearbetning och uppifrån-och-ner-perception

20. R325 — Friston, K. (2010). The free-energy principle: A unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(2), 127–138.
21. R326 — Firestone, C., & Scholl, B. J. (2016). Cognition does not affect perception: Evaluating the evidence for "top-down" effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e229.
22. R327 — Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934.

Selektiv perception, förväntan

23. R437 — Bruner, J. S., & Postman, L. (1949). On the perception of incongruity: A paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.
24. R438 — Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 577–585.
25. R439 — Strange, W. (2011). Automatic selective perception (ASP) of first and second language speech. Journal of Phonetics, 39(4), 456–466.

Försöksledareffekter och observatörsberoende

26. R440 — Rosenthal, R., & Fode, K. L. (1963). The effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat. Behavioral Science, 8(3), 183–189.
27. R441 — Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. The Urban Review, 3(1), 16–20.
28. R442 — Jussim, L., & Harber, K. D. (2005). Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies: Knowns and unknowns, resolved and unresolved controversies. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(2), 131–155.
29. R443 — Dror, I. E., & Hampikian, G. (2011). Subjectivity and bias in forensic DNA mixture interpretation. Science & Justice, 51(4), 204–208.
30. R445 — Rosenthal, R. (2002). The Pygmalion effect and its mediating mechanisms. In J. Aronson (Ed.), Improving Academic Achievement: Impact of Psychological Factors on Education (pp. 25–36). Academic Press.
31. R446 — Rosenthal, R. (1976). Experimenter expectancy and the reassuring nature of the null hypothesis decision procedure. Psychological Bulletin Monograph Supplement, 70, 30–47.
32. R447 — Proietti, M., et al. (2019). Experimental test of local observer-independence. Science Advances, 5(9), eaaw9832.
33. R448 — Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2011). Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 224–238.
34. R449 — De Quidt, J., Haushofer, J., & Roth, C. (2018). Measuring and bounding experimenter demand. American Economic Review, 108(11), 3266–3302.

Affekt och preferenser (Zajonc)

35. R247 — Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences. American Psychological Association.
36. R939 — Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35(2), 151–175.

Pareidoli och ansiktsigenkänning

37. R529 — Rossion, B., et al. (2023). Human intracerebral recordings reveal the neural substrate of face pareidolia. Journal of Neuroscience.
38. R530 — Taubert, J., et al. (2017). Face pareidolia recruits mechanisms for detecting human social attention. Psychological Science.
39. R531 — Tomonaga, M., & Kawakami, F. (2016). Face perception in chimpanzees: Pareidolia and comparative studies. Primates.

Antropomorfism, agensupptäckt, mind perception

40. R532 — Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism. Psychological Review, 114(4), 864–886.
41. R533 — Heider, F., & Simmel, M. (1944). An experimental study of apparent behavior. American Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 243–259.
42. R534 — Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619.
43. R535 — Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17(10), 847–853.
44. R536 — Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113–117.
45. R537 — Waytz, A., Epley, N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Social cognition unbound: Insights into anthropomorphism and dehumanization. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 58–62.
46. R538 — Piaget, J. (1929). The Child's Conception of the World. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
47. R539 — Mori, M. (2012). The uncanny valley (K. F. MacDorman & N. Kageki, Trans.). IEEE Robotics and Automation, 19(2), 98–100. (Original work published 1970)
48. R723 — Barrett, J. L. (2000). Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 29–34.
49. R724 — Kelemen, D., & Rosset, E. (2009). The human function compunction: Teleological explanation in adults. Cognition, 111(1), 138–143.
50. R725 — Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(1), 47–66.

Psykofysik (Weber-Fechner-Stevens)

51. R401 — Weber, E. H. (1834). Concerning touch. In De Pulsu, resorptione, auditu et tactu. Koehler.
52. R420 — Stevens, S. S. (1957). On the psychophysical law. Psychological Review, 64(3), 153–181.
53. R421 — Penconek, M. (2025). Weber's Law as the emergent phenomenon of choices based on global inhibition. Frontiers in Neuroscience.
54. R422 — Luce, R. D., & Krumhansl, C. L. (1988). Measurement, scaling, and psychophysics. In R. C. Atkinson et al. (Eds.), Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 3–74). Wiley.

Cheerleader-effekten / hierarkisk kodning

55. R634 — Walker, D., & Vul, E. (2014). Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive. Psychological Science, 25(1), 230–235.
56. R635 — Carragher, D. (2020). The Cheerleader Effect in facial and body attractiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73(5), 785–798.
57. R636 — Ojiro, Y., et al. (2015). Two replications of 'Hierarchical encoding makes individuals in a group seem more attractive.' PLOS ONE.
58. R637 — Ariely, D. (2001). Seeing sets: Representation by statistical properties. Psychological Science, 12(2), 157–162.
59. R638 — Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1(2), 115–121.
60. R639 — Brady, T. F., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). Hierarchical encoding in visual working memory. Visual Cognition (pp. 108–124). Psychology Press.

Attraktivitet och skönhet

61. R197 — Hamermesh, D. S. (2011). Beauty Pays: Why Attractive People Are More Successful. Princeton University Press.

Nyhetssökande och upphetsning

62. R921 — Fantz, R. L. (1964). Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention to familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146(3644), 668–670.
63. R923 — Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation Seeking: Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
64. R924 — Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44(6), 573–588.

05. Självuppfattning och självkännedom

Gränser för introspektion, självbedrägeri, överkonfidens, självbetjänande (self-serving) attributioner, identitet, mindset, spotlight-effekten, illusion of transparency, asymmetrisk insikt och arkitekturen för självkännedom.

Böcker

1. R104 — Epley, N. (2014). Mindwise: Why We Misunderstand What Others Think, Believe, Feel, and Want. Knopf.
2. R105 — Dunning, D. (2005). Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Knowing Thyself. Psychology Press.
3. R106 — Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. Harvard University Press.
4. R107 — Klein, S. B. (2012). The Self and Its Brain in Memory. Psychology Press.
5. R108 — Gallagher, S. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Self. Oxford University Press.
6. R109 — Leary, M. R., & Tangney, J. P. (2011). Handbook of Self and Identity (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
7. R116 — Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
8. R217 — Maslow, A. (1966). The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance. Harper & Row.

Mindset (tillägg)

9. A45 — Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.
10. A46 — Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Överkonfidens och felkalibrering

11. R811 — Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B., & Phillips, L. D. (1982). Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 306–334). Cambridge University Press.
12. R812 — Moore, D. A., & Healy, P. J. (2008). The trouble with overconfidence. Psychological Review, 115(2), 502–517.
13. R813 — Svenson, O. (1981). Are we all less risky and more skillful than our fellow drivers? Acta Psychologica, 47(2), 143–148.
14. R814 — Yates, J. F., Lee, J. W., & Shinotsuka, H. (1998). Cross-cultural variations in probability judgment accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 74(2), 106–134.
15. R816 — Fischhoff, B. (1982). Debiasing. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases (pp. 422–444). Cambridge University Press.
16. R839 — Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1977). Do those who know more also know more about how much they know? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 20(2), 159–183.
17. R840 — Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1977). Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3(4), 552–564.
18. R841 — Gigerenzer, G., Hoffrage, U., & Kleinbölting, H. (1991). Probabilistic mental models. Psychological Review, 98(4), 506–528.
19. R842 — Yates, J. F., Lee, J. W., & Bush, J. G. (1997). General knowledge overconfidence: Cross-national variations, response style, and "reality." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(2), 87–94.
20. R843 — Merkle, E. C. (2009). The disutility of the hard-easy effect in choice confidence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(1), 204–213.
21. R844 — Baranski, J. V., & Petrusic, W. M. (1994). The calibration and resolution of confidence in perceptual judgments. Perception & Psychophysics, 55(4), 412–428.

Dunning-Kruger och oskicklig-omedveten

22. R845 — Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121–1134.
23. R846 — Gignac, G. E., & Zajenkowski, M. (2020). The Dunning-Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact. Intelligence, 80, 101449.
24. R847 — Schlösser, T., Dunning, D., Johnson, K. L., & Kruger, J. (2013). How unaware are the unskilled? Journal of Economic Psychology, 39, 85–100.
25. R848 — Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning-Kruger Effect: On being ignorant of one's own ignorance. In J. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 247–296). Academic Press.

Egocentriska fördomar och självupptagenhet

26. R849 — Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 322–336.
27. R850 — Kruger, J., Epley, N., Parker, J., & Ng, Z. W. (2005). Egocentrism over e-mail: Can we communicate as well as we think? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 925–936.
28. R852 — Schroeder, J., Caruso, E. M., & Epley, N. (2016). Many hands make overlooked work. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 22(2), 238–246.
29. R712 — Keysar, B., & Barr, D. J. (2002). Self-anchoring in conversation: Why language users do not do what they "should." In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases (pp. 150–166). Cambridge University Press.
30. R716 — Keysar, B. (1994). The illusory transparency of intention: Linguistic perspective taking in text. Cognitive Psychology, 26(2), 165–208.

Illusion av transparens och spotlight-effekten

31. R713 — Gilovich, T., Savitsky, K., & Medvec, V. H. (1998). The illusion of transparency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 332–346.
32. R714 — Savitsky, K., & Gilovich, T. (2003). The illusion of transparency and the alleviation of speech anxiety. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 618–625.
33. R715 — Vorauer, J. D., & Claude, S. D. (1998). Perceived versus actual transparency of goals in negotiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(4), 371–385.
34. R717 — Kassin, S. M. (2005). On the psychology of confessions: Does innocence put innocents at risk? American Psychologist, 60(3), 215–228.
35. R718 — Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
36. R719 — Bateson, M., Nettle, D., & Roberts, G. (2006). Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biology Letters, 2(3), 412–414.
37. R720 — Kleck, R. E., & Strenta, A. (1980). Perceptions of the impact of negatively valued physical characteristics on social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 861–873.
38. R721 — Elkind, D. (1967). Egocentrism in adolescence. Child Development, 38(4), 1025–1034.
39. R722 — Gilbert, D. T., Brown, R. P., Pinel, E. C., & Wilson, T. D. (2000). The illusion of external agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 690–700.

Illusion av asymmetrisk insikt

40. R726 — Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K., & Ross, L. (2001). You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 639–656.
41. R727 — Vazire, S. (2010). Who knows what about a person? The Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry (SOKA) model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 281–300.
42. R728 — Schroeder, J., & Fishbach, A. (2024). Feeling known versus knowing: The role of perceived understanding in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
43. R729 — Park, J., Choi, I., & Cho, G. H. (2006). The illusion of asymmetric insight. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 20(2), 1–18.
44. R730 — Boothby, E. J., Clark, M. S., & Bargh, J. A. (2016). The invisibility cloak illusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Orealistisk optimism, self-serving bias

45. R853 — Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806–820.
46. R854 — Sharot, T., Korn, C. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality. Nature Neuroscience, 14(11), 1475–1479.
47. R855 — Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 595–607.
48. R856 — Shepperd, J. A., Klein, W. M. P., Waters, E. A., & Weinstein, N. D. (2013). Taking stock of unrealistic optimism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(4), 395–411.
49. R857 — Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 213–225.
50. R858 — Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., & Hankin, B. L. (2004). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? Psychological Bulletin, 130(5), 711–747.
51. R859 — Blackwood, N. J., et al. (2003). Self-responsibility and the self-serving bias: An fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1076–1085.

Optimism-bias, pessimism, defensiv pessimism

52. R117 — Sharot, T. (2011). The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain. Vintage / Pantheon.
53. R118 — Norem, J. K. (2001). The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. Basic Books.
54. R245 — Johnson, D. D. P. (2004). Overconfidence and War: The Havoc and Glory of Positive Illusions. Harvard University Press.
55. R779 — Alloy, L. B., & Abramson, L. Y. (1979). Judgment of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(4), 441–485.
56. R780 — Mansour, S. B., Jouini, E., & Napp, C. (2006). Is there a 'pessimistic' bias in individual beliefs? Theory and Decision, 61, 345–362.
57. R781 — Nesse, R. M. (2005). Natural selection and the regulation of defenses: A signal detection analysis of the smoke detector principle. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(1), 88–105.
58. R782 — Chang, E. C., & Asakawa, K. (2003). Cultural variations on optimistic and pessimistic bias for self versus a sibling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 569–581.
59. R784 — Nesse, R. M. (2019). The smoke detector principle: Signal detection and optimal defense regulation. In Good Reasons for Bad Feelings (pp. 75–92). Dutton.
60. R785 — Lovallo, D., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Delusions of success: How optimism undermines executives' decisions. Harvard Business Review, 81(7), 56–63.

Illusion av kontroll, illusorisk överlägsenhet

61. R869 — Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311–328.
62. R870 — Jenkins, H. H., & Ward, W. C. (1965). Judgment of contingency between responses and outcomes. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 79(1), 1–17.
63. R871 — Thompson, S. C. (1999). Illusions of control: How we overestimate our personal influence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(6), 187–190.
64. R872 — Gino, F., Sharek, Z., & Moore, D. A. (2011). Keeping the illusion of control under control. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 114(2), 104–114.
65. R873 — Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Addison-Wesley.
66. R874 — Thompson, S. C. (2004). Illusions of control. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive Illusions (pp. 115–125). Psychology Press.
67. R876 — Tappin, B. M., & McKay, R. T. (2017). The illusion of moral superiority. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 623–631.
68. R877 — Loughnan, S., et al. (2011). Economic inequality is linked to biased self-perception. Psychological Science, 22(10), 1254–1258.
69. R878 — Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(1), 4–27.

Forer / Barnum-effekten

70. R457 — Forer, B. R. (1949). The fallacy of personal validation: A classroom demonstration of gullibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 118–123.
71. R458 — Dickson, D. H., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). The "Barnum effect" in personality assessment: A review of the literature. Psychological Reports, 57, 367–382.
72. R459 — Meehl, P. E. (1956). Wanted—A good cookbook. American Psychologist, 11, 263–272.
73. R460 — Stagner, R. (1958). The gullibility of personnel managers. Personnel Psychology, 11, 347–352.
74. R461 — Rogers, P., & Soule, J. (2009). Cross-cultural differences in the acceptance of Barnum profiles. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 381–399.
75. R462 — Snyder, C. R., Shenkel, R. J., & Lowery, C. R. (1977). Acceptance of personality interpretations: The "Barnum effect" and beyond. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(1), 104–114.

Strutseffekten, informationsundvikande

76. R452 — Karlsson, N., Loewenstein, G., & Seppi, D. (2009). The ostrich effect: Selective attention to information. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38(2), 95–115.
77. R453 — Galai, D., & Sade, O. (2006). The "ostrich effect" and the relationship between the liquidity and the yields of financial assets. Journal of Business, 79(5), 2741–2759.
78. R454 — Sicherman, N., Loewenstein, G., Seppi, D., & Utkus, S. (2016). Financial attention. Review of Financial Studies, 29(4), 863–897.
79. R455 — Banerjee, R., & Zanella, G. (2014). Experiencing breast cancer at the workplace. Journal of Public Economics, 109, 134–152.
80. R456 — Li, H., Meng, J., Song, X., & Zheng, S. (2021). Information avoidance and medical screening: A field experiment in China. Management Science, 67(7), 4252–4272.

Självhandikappning, självbekräftelse, dissonansreduktion

81. R434 — Lieberman, M. D., Ochsner, K. N., Gilbert, D. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2001). Do amnesics exhibit cognitive dissonance reduction? Psychological Science, 12(2), 135–140.
82. R435 — Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1997). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(4), 389–400.

Social önskvärdhet och svarsbias

83. R817 — Edwards, A. L. (1953). The relationship between the judged desirability of a trait and the probability that the trait will be endorsed. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37(2), 90–93.
84. R818 — Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354.
85. R819 — Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609.
86. R820 — Jones, E. E., & Sigall, H. (1971). The bogus pipeline: A new paradigm for measuring affect and attitude. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 349–364.
87. R821 — Lalwani, A. K., Shavitt, S., & Johnson, T. (2006). What is the relation between cultural orientation and socially desirable responding? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 165–178.
88. R822 — Uziel, L. (2010). Rethinking social desirability scales. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 243–262.
89. R823 — Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson et al. (Eds.), Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes. Academic Press.
90. R824 — Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The Approval Motive: Studies in Evaluative Dependence. Wiley.
91. R825 — Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The Role of Constructs in Psychological and Educational Measurement (pp. 49–69). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Sexuell överperception

92. R739 — Haselton, M. G., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Error management theory: A new perspective on biases in cross-sex mind reading. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 81–91.
93. R740 — Bendixen, M., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2014). Revisiting the sexual overperception bias. Evolutionary Psychology, 12(5), 879–896.
94. R741 — Abbey, A. (1982). Sex differences in attributions for friendly behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(5), 830–838.
95. R742 — Farris, C., Treat, T. A., Viken, R. J., & McFall, R. M. (2008). Perceptual mechanisms that characterize gender differences in decoding women's sexual intent. Psychological Science, 19(4), 348–354.
96. R743 — Perilloux, C., Easton, J. A., & Buss, D. M. (2012). The misperception of sexual interest. Psychological Science, 23(2), 146–151.
97. R744 — Buss, D. M. (2016). The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (Revised ed.). Basic Books.
98. R745 — Haselton, M. G. (2018). Hormonal: The Hidden Intelligence of Hormones. Little, Brown and Company.
99. R746 — Haselton, M. G., & Nettle, D. (2006). The paranoid optimist: An integrative evolutionary model of cognitive biases. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology (pp. 724–746). Wiley.

Grunder och klassiska verk

100. R43 — James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology (Vol. 1). Henry Holt and Company.

06. Socialpsykologi och gruppdynamik

Konformitet, lydnad, attribution, grupptänkande (groupthink), social kognition, socialt inflytande, tron på en rättvis värld (just-world belief) och den grundläggande socialpsykologiska kanon.

Böcker

1. R78 — Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (2011). The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. Pinter & Martin. (Original work published 1991)
2. R79 — Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. John Wiley & Sons.
3. R87 — Greene, J. (2013). Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them. Penguin Press.
4. R88 — Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage Books.
5. R89 — Sapolsky, R. (2017). Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst. Penguin Press.
6. R100 — Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford University Press.
7. R101 — Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. University of Minnesota Press.
8. R102 — Aronson, E. (2012). The Social Animal (11th ed.). Worth Publishers.
9. R110 — Bower, G. H., & Forgas, J. P. (2001). Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
10. R128 — Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
11. R129 — Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
12. R135 — Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. Doubleday.
13. R183 — Lerner, M. J. (1980). The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum Press.
14. R184 — Montada, L., & Lerner, M. J. (Eds.). (1998). Responses to Victimizations and Belief in a Just World. Plenum Press.
15. R185 — Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct. Guilford Press.
16. R282 — Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. Harper & Row.
17. R283 — Blass, T. (2004). The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. Basic Books.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Implicit social kognition

18. R253 — Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4–27. (Corrected per addendum item 2.)

Milgrams lydnadsexperiment

19. R588 — Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378.
20. R589 — Milgram, S. (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18(1), 57–76.
21. R590 — Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2012). Contesting the "nature" of conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo's studies really show. PLOS Biology, 10(11), e1001426.
22. R591 — Hofling, C. K., Brotzman, E., Dalrymple, S., Graves, N., & Pierce, C. M. (1966). An experimental study in nurse-physician relationships. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 143(2), 171–180.
23. R592 — Doliński, D., Grzyb, T., Folwarczny, M., Grzybała, P., Krzyszycha, K., Martynowska, K., & Trojanowski, J. (2017). Would you deliver an electric shock in 2015? Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 927–933.
24. R593 — Blass, T. (1999). The Milgram paradigm after 35 years. In T. Blass (Ed.), Obedience to Authority: Current Perspectives on the Milgram Paradigm (pp. 35–59). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Asch-konformitet, bandwagon, socialt bevis

25. R600 — Leibenstein, H. (1950). Bandwagon, snob, and Veblen effects in the theory of consumers' demand. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64(2), 183–207.
26. R601 — Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, Leadership and Men (pp. 177–190). Carnegie Press.
27. R602 — Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111–137.
28. R603 — Franzen, A., & Mader, S. (2023). Replication of the Asch conformity experiments in Switzerland. Social Psychology, 54(3), 155–167.
29. R604 — Ge, X., & Hou, Y. (2025). Pathogen threat increases conformity to collective choices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
30. R605 — Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(9), 1–70.
31. R606 — Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41(3), 258–290.

Tystnadsspiralen (Spiral of silence)

32. R182 — Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press.

Attributionsteori (fundamental attributionsfel)

33. R838 — Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173–220). Academic Press.
34. R861 — Kelley, H. H. (1971). Attribution in social interaction. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (pp. 1–26). General Learning Press.
35. R862 — Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones et al. (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior (pp. 79–94). General Learning Press.
36. R863 — Nisbett, R. E., Caputo, C., Legant, P., & Marecek, J. (1973). Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2), 154–164.
37. R864 — Storms, M. D. (1973). Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing actors' and observers' points of view. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(2), 165–175.
38. R865 — Malle, B. F. (2006). The actor-observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 895–919.
39. R866 — Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(5), 961–978.
40. R867 — Masuda, T., & Kitayama, S. (2004). Perceiver-induced constraint and attitude attribution in Japan and the US. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(3), 409–416.
41. R868 — Malle, B. F. (2011). Attribution theories: How people make sense of behavior. In D. Chadee (Ed.), Theories in Social Psychology (pp. 72–95). Wiley-Blackwell.
42. R879 — Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 3(1), 1–24.
43. R880 — Gilbert, D. T., & Malone, P. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 21–38.
44. R881 — Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 47–63.
45. R888 — Kammer, D. (1982). Differences in trait ascriptions to self and friend. Psychological Reports, 51, 99–102.
46. R889 — Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(9), 949–960.

Defensiv attribution och skuldbeläggning

47. R882 — Shaver, K. G. (1970). Defensive attribution: Effects of severity and relevance on the responsibility assigned for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14(2), 101–113.
48. R883 — Walster, E. (1966). Assignment of responsibility for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(1), 73–79.
49. R884 — Burger, J. M. (1981). Motivational biases in the attribution of responsibility for an accident. Psychological Bulletin, 90(3), 496–512.
50. R885 — Grubb, A., & Harrower, J. (2008). Attribution of blame in cases of rape. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(5), 396–405.
51. R886 — Gyekye, S. A., & Salminen, S. (2004). Causal attributions of Ghanaian industrial workers for accident occurrence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11), 2324–2342.
52. R887 — Shaver, K. G. (1985). The attribution of blame: Causality, responsibility, and blameworthiness. In The Attribution of Blame (pp. 1–35). Springer.

Tron på en rättvis värld (Just-world belief)

53. R577 — Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203–210.
54. R578 — Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3), 65–89.
55. R579 — Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the Personal Belief in a Just World Scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79–98.
56. R580 — Hafer, C. L., & Bègue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 128–167.

Auktoritet, initiationssvårighet, ansträngningsrättfärdigande

57. R890 — Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 177–181.
58. R891 — Gerard, H. B., & Mathewson, G. C. (1966). The effects of severity of initiation on liking for a group: A replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2(3), 278–287.
59. R892 — Axsom, D., & Cooper, J. (1985). Cognitive dissonance and psychotherapy: The role of effort justification in inducing weight loss. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(2), 149–160.
60. R893 — Kitayama, S., et al. (2004). Culture and dissonance: The case of choice. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

Beslutsdissonans, hjärnan på tro

61. R431 — Brehm, J. W. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52(3), 384–389.

Åskådareffekt, panik och nödbeteende

62. R673 — Quarantelli, E. L. (1954). The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology, 60(3), 267–275.
63. R674 — Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10(3), 215–221.
64. R675 — Leach, J. (2004). Why people 'freeze' in an emergency. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 539–542.

Moralisk licensiering

65. R571 — Monin, B., & Miller, D. T. (2001). Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 33–43.
66. R572 — Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2006). Licensing effect in consumer choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 43(2), 259–266.
67. R573 — Mazar, N., & Zhong, C. B. (2010). Do green products make us better people? Psychological Science, 21(4), 494–498.
68. R574 — Sachdeva, S., Iliev, R., & Medin, D. L. (2009). Sinning saints and saintly sinners: The paradox of moral self-regulation. Psychological Science, 20(4), 523–528.
69. R575 — Blanken, I., van de Ven, N., & Zeelenberg, M. (2015). A meta-analytic review of moral licensing. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 540–558.
70. R576 — Effron, D. A., & Raj, M. (2020). Misinformation and morality. Psychological Science, 31(1), 75–87.

Argumentation, felslut, gruppresonemang

71. R582 — van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach. Cambridge University Press.
72. R583 — Hamblin, C. (1970). Fallacies. Methuen & Co.
73. R584 — Walton, D. (1995). A Pragmatic Theory of Fallacy. University of Alabama Press.
74. R585 — van Eemeren, F. H. (2010). Strategic Maneuvering in Argumentative Discourse. John Benjamins Publishing.
75. R586 — Walton, D. (2010). Why fallacies appear to be better arguments than they are. Informal Logic, 30(2), 159–184.

Rättvisa, socialt utbyte

76. R875 — Van Yperen, N. W., & Buunk, B. P. (1991). Equity theory and exchange and communal orientation from a cross-national perspective. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 5–20.

Falsk konsensus

77. R833 — Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The "false consensus effect": An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(3), 279–301.
78. R834 — Krueger, J. (1994). The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 596–610.
79. R835 — Choi, I., & Cha, O. (2019). Cross-cultural examination of the false consensus effect. International Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 62–74.
80. R836 — Bosveld, W., Koomen, W., & Vogelaar, R. (1997). Construing a social issue: Effects on attitudes and the false consensus effect. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36(3), 263–272.
81. R837 — Luzsa, R., & Mayr, S. (2021). False consensus in the echo chamber. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 15(1).

Erkännanden och avslöjande av bedrägeri

82. R136 — Vrij, A. (2008). Detecting Lies and Deceit: Pitfalls and Opportunities. Wiley.
83. R244 — Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook. Wiley.

Enkätsvar, artighetsbias

84. R906 — Jones, E. L. (1963). The courtesy bias in South-East Asian surveys. International Social Science Journal, 15(1), 70–76.
85. R907 — Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2001). Response styles in marketing research: A cross-national investigation. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 143–156.
86. R908 — Blair, G., & Imai, K. (2012). Statistical analysis of list experiments. Political Analysis, 20(1), 47–77.
87. R909 — Parkinson, S. (2013). Organizing rebellion: Rethinking high-risk mobilization and social networks in war. American Political Science Review, 107(3), 418–432.
88. R910 — Schwarz, N. (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54(2), 93–105.
89. R911 — Tourangeau, R., Rips, L. J., & Rasinski, K. (2000). The Psychology of Survey Response. Cambridge University Press.
90. R912 — Triandis, H. C. (1994). Response styles. In Cross-Cultural Research Methods in Psychology (pp. 143–162). Cambridge University Press.

Självuppfyllande profetia i grupper

91. R482 — Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M., & Ross, L. (2004). The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining Prisoner's Dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 1175–1185.

Paradoxala tankeinterventioner

92. R483 — Hameiri, B., Porat, R., Bar-Tal, D., Bieler, A., & Halperin, E. (2014). Paradoxical thinking as a new avenue of intervention to promote peace. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(30), 10996–11001.

07. Relationer mellan grupper och fördomar

Stereotyper, in-group/out-group-dynamik, diskriminering, fördomar, social identitet, avhumanisering och kontaktteori för grupper.

Böcker

1. R80 — Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
2. R81 — Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press.
3. R82 — Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2013). Blindspot: Hidden Biases of Good People. Delacorte Press.
4. R83 — Eberhardt, J. L. (2019). Biased: Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice That Shapes What We See, Think, and Do. Viking.
5. R84 — Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge University Press.
6. R85 — Brewer, M. B., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2004). Self and Social Identity. Blackwell Publishing.
7. R86 — Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Psychology Press.
8. R90 — Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. University of Oklahoma Book Exchange.
9. R91 — Sherif, M. (1966). Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
10. R92 — Jussim, L. (2012). Social Perception and Social Reality: Why Accuracy Dominates Bias and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy. Oxford University Press.
11. R93 — Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
12. R94 — Rosenthal, R. (1966). Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research. Appleton-Century-Crofts.
13. R95 — Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. Harper & Brothers.
14. R96 — Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Harcourt, Brace and Company.
15. R97 — Fanon, F. (1952). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press.
16. R98 — Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to Be an Antiracist. One World.
17. R99 — Wilkerson, I. (2020). Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents. Random House.
18. R227 — Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable Conflicts: Socio-Psychological Foundations and Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.
19. R254 — Payne, K. (2017). The Broken Ladder: How Inequality Affects the Way We Think, Live, and Die. Viking.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Gruppattributionsfel

20. R540 — Allison, S. T., & Messick, D. M. (1985). The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21(6), 563–579.
21. R541 — Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A., & Fiske, S. T. (1998). Group entitativity and social attribution. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(10), 1089–1103.
22. R542 — Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A., & Buidin, G. (2001). Threat and the group attribution error. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 437–446.
23. R543 — Rutchick, A. M., Smyth, J. M., & Konrath, S. (2009). Seeing red (and blue): Effects of electoral college depictions on political group perception. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9(1), 269–282.
24. R544 — Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–476.
25. R545 — Taylor, D. M., & Jaggi, V. (1974). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in a South Indian context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 5, 162–171.
26. R546 — Hewstone, M. (1990). The 'ultimate attribution error'? A review of the literature on intergroup causal attribution. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 311–335.
27. R547 — Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949–971.
28. R548 — Waytz, A., Young, L. L., & Ginges, J. (2014). Motive attribution asymmetry for love vs. hate drives intractable conflict. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(44), 15687–15692.
29. R549 — Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 291–355). Academic Press.
30. R550 — Hewstone, M., & Ward, C. (1985). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in Southeast Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 614–623.

Social identitet, stereotypisering, fördomar

31. R551 — Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks/Cole.
32. R552 — Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902.
33. R553 — Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783.
34. R554 — Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5–18.
35. R555 — Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15.
36. R556 — Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (4th ed., pp. 357–411). McGraw-Hill.

Psykologisk essentialism

37. R557 — Medin, D. L., & Ortony, A. (1989). Psychological essentialism. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and Analogical Reasoning (pp. 179–195). Cambridge University Press.
38. R558 — Dar-Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2011). Genetic essentialism: On the deceptive determinism of DNA. Psychological Bulletin, 137(5), 800–818.
39. R559 — Haslam, N., Rothschild, L., & Ernst, D. (2000). Essentialist beliefs about social categories. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(1), 113–127.
40. R560 — Gelman, S. A. (2003). The Essential Child: Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought. Oxford University Press.
41. R561 — Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development. MIT Press.
42. R562 — Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture, and the Child's Construction of Human Kinds. MIT Press.
43. R563 — Yzerbyt, V., Corneille, O., & Estrada, C. (2001). The interplay of subjective essentialism and entitativity in the formation of stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(2), 141–155.

Smärtbedömning och rasistisk bias

44. R342 — Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(16), 4296–4301.

Utgruppshomogenitet och avhumanisering

45. R613 — Quattrone, G. A., & Jones, E. E. (1980). The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 141–152.
46. R614 — Linville, P. W., Fischer, G. W., & Salovey, P. (1989). Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 165–188.
47. R615 — Leyens, J. P., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez-Torres, R., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez-Perez, A., & Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 186–197.
48. R616 — Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W., Brewer, M. B., & Takemura, K. (2005). Cross-cultural differences in relationship- and group-based trust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 48–62.
49. R618 — Linville, P. W. (1982). The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 279–328). Academic Press.

Homogenitetsbias i AI / LLM

50. R617 — Lee, M. H. J., Montgomery, J. M., & Lai, C. K. (2024). Large language models portray socially subordinate groups as more homogeneous, consistent with a bias observed in humans. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '24), 1321–1340. (Corrected per addendum item 7.)

Minne av egen vs annan etnicitet

51. R619 — Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13(4), 330–334.
52. R620 — Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(1), 3–35.
53. R621 — Hugenberg, K., Young, S. G., Bernstein, M. J., & Sacco, D. F. (2010). The categorization-individuation model. Psychological Review, 117(4), 1168–1187.
54. R622 — Kelly, D. J., et al. (2007). Cross-race preferences for same-race faces extend beyond the African versus Caucasian contrast in 3-month-old infants. Infancy, 11(1), 87–95.
55. R623 — Sangrigoli, S., Pallier, C., Argenti, A.-M., Ventureyra, V. A. G., & de Schonen, S. (2005). Reversibility of the other-race effect in face recognition during childhood. Psychological Science, 16(6), 440–444.

Minimalgruppsparadigmet och lokal altruism

56. R625 — Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5), 96–102.
57. R626 — Choi, J. K., & Bowles, S. (2007). The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science, 318(5850), 636–640.
58. R627 — Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC prison study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 1–40.
59. R628 — Turner, J. C. (1987). A self-categorization theory. In J. C. Turner et al., Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory (pp. 42–67). Basil Blackwell.

Halo-effekten

60. R629 — Thorndike, E. L. (1920). A constant error in psychological ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(1), 25–29.
61. R630 — Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285–290.
62. R631 — Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(4), 250–256.
63. R632 — Batres, C., & Shiramizu, V. (2022). Examining the attractiveness halo effect across cultures. PSA study across 45 countries.
64. R633 — Rosenzweig, P. (2007). The Halo Effect... and the Eight Other Business Delusions That Deceive Managers. Free Press.

Reaktiv devalvering vid intergruppkonflikter

65. R654 — Ross, L., & Stillinger, C. (1991). Barriers to conflict resolution. Negotiation Journal, 7(4), 389–404.
66. R655 — Maoz, I., Ward, A., Katz, M., & Ross, L. (2002). Reactive devaluation of an "Israeli" vs. "Palestinian" peace proposal. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(4), 515–546.
67. R656 — Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007). Bridging the partisan divide. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 59–74.
68. R657 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1995). Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 255–304). Academic Press.

Kollektivt minne och nationella narrativ

69. R851 — Roediger, H. L., et al. (2019). Competing national memories of World War II. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(34), 16678–16686.

Systemrättfärdigande (System justification)

70. R994 — Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–27.

08. Övertalning, inflytande och kommunikation

Övertalningsforskning i Cialdinis tradition, retorik, narrativ övertalning, attribution av inflytande, kommunikationsteori och språk kring inflytande.

Böcker

1. R20 — Cialdini, R. B. (2021). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New and Expanded Edition). Harper Business.
2. R21 — Cialdini, R. B. (2006). Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (Revised Edition). Harper Business.
3. R131 — Perloff, R. M. (2014). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century (5th ed.). Routledge.
4. R132 — Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd ed.). Routledge.
5. R133 — McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
6. R161 — Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2007). Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die. Random House.
7. R162 — Pinker, S. (2014). The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person's Guide to Writing in the 21st Century. Viking.
8. R163 — Pinker, S. (2007). The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. Viking.
9. R167 — Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press.
10. R219 — Few, S. (2012). Show Me the Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten. Analytics Press.
11. R220 — Reynolds, G. (2012). Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery. New Riders.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Narrativ övertalning, livfullhet

12. R502 — Borgida, E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1977). The differential impact of abstract vs. concrete information on decisions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 258–271.
13. R503 — Hamill, R., Wilson, T. D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1980). Insensitivity to sample bias: Generalizing from atypical cases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(4), 578–589.
14. R504 — Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 701–721.
15. R505 — Hornikx, J., & Hoeken, H. (2007). Cultural differences in the persuasiveness of evidence types and evidence quality. Communication Monographs, 74(4), 443–463.

Dr. Fox-effekten

16. R463 — Naftulin, D. H., Ware, J. E., & Donnelly, F. A. (1973). The Doctor Fox lecture: A paradigm of educational seduction. Journal of Medical Education, 48(7), 630–635.

Tredjepersonseffekten

17. R826 — Davison, W. P. (1983). The third-person effect in communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(1), 1–15.
18. R827 — Paul, B., Salwen, M. B., & Dupagne, M. (2000). The third-person effect: A meta-analysis of the perceptual hypothesis. Mass Communication & Society, 3(1), 57–85.
19. R828 — Perloff, R. M. (1999). The third-person effect: A critical review and synthesis. Media Psychology, 1(4), 353–378.
20. R829 — Gunther, A. C. (1995). Overrating the X-rating: The third-person perception and support for censorship of pornography. Journal of Communication, 45(1), 27–38.
21. R830 — Mutz, D. C. (1989). The influence of perceptions of media influence: Third person effects and the public expression of opinions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1(1), 3–23.
22. R831 — Gunther, A. C., & Storey, J. D. (2003). The influence of presumed influence. Journal of Communication, 53(2), 199–215.
23. R832 — Lo, V.-H., & Wei, R. (2002). Third-person effect, gender, and pornography on the Internet. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(1), 13–33.

Nya / frekvens-illusioner i språk

24. R336 — Zwicky, A. (2006). Why are we so illuded? Abstract for LSA 2007. Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/LSA07illude.abst.pdf (Corrected per addendum item 4.)
25. R515 — van der Meulen, M. (2022). Are we indeed so illuded? Recency and frequency illusions in Dutch prescriptivism. Languages, 7(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010042 (Corrected per addendum item 6. Consolidated with original entry 337, which was a duplicate.)
26. R516 — Zwicky, A. (2005). Just between Dr. Language and I. Language Log.

Tro i opaka propositionella attityder (språkfilosofi)

27. R511 — Bacon, A. (2019). The logic of opacity. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 99(1), 81–114.
28. R512 — Quine, W. V. O. (1956). Quantifiers and propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy, 53(5), 177–187.
29. R513 — Frege, G. (1892/1952). On sense and reference. In P. Geach & M. Black (Eds.), Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Blackwell.
30. R514 — Kripke, S. (1980). A puzzle about belief. In N. Salmon & S. Soames (Eds.), Propositions and Attitudes. Oxford University Press.

Pinker om språk och kommunikation

31. R164 — Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Viking.
32. R165 — Pinker, S. (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. Viking.
33. R166 — Pinker, S. (2002). The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. Viking Press.

Pre-mortem och referensklassprognoser

34. R507 — Klein, G. (2007). Performing a project premortem. Harvard Business Review.
35. R508 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). From Nobel Prize to project management: Getting risks right. Project Management Journal, 37(3), 5–15.

Politikens tre språk

36. R226 — Kling, A. (2017). The Three Languages of Politics: Talking Across the Political Divides. Cato Institute.

Auktoritet och socialt inflytande i marknadsföring

37. R150 — (See section 01 — Shotton 2018, on biases in consumer choice; also a persuasion-adjacent work.)

Masskommunikationsteori referenser

38. R265 — Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 12 — Trust/Networks.)

09. Beteendeekonomi och finans

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om beteendeekonomi, beteendefinansiering, penga-illusion (money illusion), mental bokföring, dispositionseffekten, valöreffekter (denomination effects), riskpremiepusslet för aktier (equity premium puzzle) och relaterade ämnen. Nära kopplat till avsnitt 02 (Bedömning och beslutsfattande), avsnitt 01 (grundläggande biases) och avsnitt 10 (Förhandling). Särskilt relevant för PEM:s avsnitt om affärer (Deals), ramverket med sex resursdomäner (särskilt den finansiella), principen "Sälj förståelse, inte tid" och diskussionen om penga-illusion, mental bokföring och Weber-Fechner-bias vid prissättning.

Böcker

1. R5 — Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Yale University Press.
2. R6 — Thaler, R. H. (2015). Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. R69 — Akerlof, G. A., & Shiller, R. J. (2009). Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton University Press.
4. R70 — Fisher, I. (1928). The Money Illusion. Adelphi Company.
5. R71 — Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Macmillan.
6. R72 — Shefrin, H. (2000). Beyond Greed and Fear: Understanding Behavioral Finance and the Psychology of Investing. Oxford University Press.
7. R73 — Montier, J. (2007). Behavioural Investing: A Practitioner's Guide to Applying Behavioural Finance. Wiley.
8. R74 — Shiller, R. J. (2015). Irrational Exuberance (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press.
9. R75 — Lewis, M. (2010). The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine. W. W. Norton.
10. R77 — Mullainathan, S., & Shafir, E. (2013). Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much. Times Books.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Penga-illusion (Money Illusion)

11. R414 — Shafir, E., Diamond, P., & Tversky, A. (1997). Money illusion. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341–374.
12. R415 — Fehr, E., & Tyran, J.-R. (2001). Does money illusion matter? American Economic Review, 91(5), 1239–1262.
13. R416 — Modigliani, F., & Cohn, R. A. (1979). Inflation, rational valuation and the market. Financial Analysts Journal, 35(2), 24–44.
14. R417 — Brunnermeier, M. K., & Julliard, C. (2008). Money illusion and housing frenzies. Review of Financial Studies, 21(1), 135–180.
15. R418 — Weber, B., Rangel, A., Wibral, M., & Falk, A. (2009). The medial prefrontal cortex exhibits money illusion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(13), 5025–5028.
16. R419 — Akerlof, G. A., Dickens, W. T., & Perry, G. L. (1996). The macroeconomics of low inflation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1996(1), 1–76.

Mental bokföring, dispositionseffekt och sparande

17. R666 — Thaler, R. H. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199–214.
18. R667 — Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 183–206.
19. R668 — Prelec, D., & Loewenstein, G. (1998). The red and the black: Mental accounting of savings and debt. Marketing Science, 17(1), 4–28.
20. R669 — Camerer, C., Babcock, L., Loewenstein, G., & Thaler, R. (1997). Labor supply of New York City cabdrivers: One day at a time. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 407–441.
21. R670 — Shefrin, H., & Statman, M. (1985). The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long. Journal of Finance, 40(3), 777–790.
22. R671 — Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2004). Save More Tomorrow: Using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Journal of Political Economy, 112(S1), S164–S187.

Investerarbeteende och finansiella beteendemodeller

23. R393 — Barberis, N., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1998). A model of investor sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics, 49(3), 307–343.
24. R394 — Ball, R., & Brown, P. (1968). An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. Journal of Accounting Research, 6(2), 159–178.
25. R902 — Barber, B. M., & Odean, T. (2000). Trading is hazardous to your wealth. Journal of Finance, 55(2), 773–806.
26. R975 — Odean, T. (1998). Are investors reluctant to realize their losses? Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1775–1798.
27. R976 — Grinblatt, M., & Keloharju, M. (2001). What makes investors trade? Journal of Finance, 56(2), 589–616.
28. R977 — Barberis, N., & Xiong, W. (2012). Realization utility. Journal of Financial Economics, 104(2), 251–271.
29. R978 — Frazzini, A. (2006). The disposition effect and underreaction to news. Journal of Finance, 61(4), 2017–2046.
30. R979 — Genesove, D., & Mayer, C. (2001). Loss aversion and seller behavior: Evidence from the housing market. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(4), 1233–1260.
31. R980 — Barberis, N., & Thaler, R. (2003). A survey of behavioral finance. In G. Constantinides, M. Harris, & R. Stulz (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Finance (pp. 1053–1128). Elsevier.

Aktieriskpremie (Equity Premium Puzzle)

32. A41 — Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (1995). Myopic loss aversion and the equity premium puzzle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(1), 73–92.
33. A42 — Mehra, R., & Prescott, E. C. (1985). The equity premium: A puzzle. Journal of Monetary Economics, 15(2), 145–161.

Valöreffekten (Denomination Effect)

34. R697 — Raghubir, P., & Srivastava, J. (2009). The denomination effect. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(4), 701–713.
35. R698 — Mishra, H., Mishra, A., & Nayakankuppam, D. (2006). Money: A bias for the whole. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(4), 541–549.
36. R699 — Di Muro, F., & Noseworthy, T. J. (2013). Money isn't everything, but it helps if it doesn't look used. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(6), 1330–1342.
37. R700 — Zenkić, J., Lei, J., Millet, K., & Rotman, J. D. (2024). Reversing the denomination effect in tipping contexts. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 34(2), 351–358. (Corrected per addendum item 9.)
38. R701 — Li, Y., & Pandelaere, M. (2021). The denomination–spending matching effect. Journal of Business Research, 128, 338–349. (Corrected per addendum item 10.)

Beslutsteorins grunder

39. R64 — Knight, F. H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Houghton Mifflin. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
40. R65 — Savage, L. J. (1954). The Foundations of Statistics. John Wiley & Sons. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
41. R687 — Von Neumann, J., & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 10.)

Systemkris, makroinstabilitet och antifragilitet

42. A35 — Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press.
43. A36 — Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. Crown Business.
44. A37 — Tooze, A. (2018). Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. Viking.
45. A38 — Goldin, I., & Mariathasan, M. (2014). The Butterfly Defect: How Globalization Creates Systemic Risks, and What to Do About It. Princeton University Press.

Beslutsfattande under djup osäkerhet

46. A39 — Lempert, R. J., Popper, S. W., & Bankes, S. C. (2003). Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis. RAND Corporation.
47. A40 — Marchau, V. A. W. J., Walker, W. E., Bloemen, P. J. T. M., & Popper, S. W. (Eds.). (2019). Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty: From Theory to Practice. Springer.

10. Förhandling och affärsuppgörelser

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om förhandlingsteori, avtalskonfiguration, nollsummespel (zero-sum bias), värdebaserad prissättning och förhandling. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 09 (Beteendeekonomi) och avsnitt 12 (Tillit, rykte, nätverk). Direkt relevant för PEM:s affärsskede (Deals), konfigurationen av avtal över de sex resursdomänerna, principen "Sälj förståelse, inte tid", värdebaserad prissättning av expertis, gränsen mellan Affärer/Genomförande och diskussionerna om nollsummespel, förankring och reaktiv devalvering vid förhandlingar.

Böcker

1. R137 — Mnookin, R. (2010). Bargaining with the Devil: When to Negotiate, When to Fight. Simon & Schuster.
2. R138 — Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1981). Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Penguin Books.
3. R139 — Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. (1992). Negotiating Rationally. Free Press.
4. R140 — Thompson, L. (2005). The Mind and Heart of the Negotiator (3rd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
5. R141 — Bazerman, M. H., & Moore, D. A. (2012). Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (8th ed.). Wiley. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
6. A43 — Weiss, A. (2021). Million Dollar Consulting: The Professional's Guide to Growing a Practice (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
7. A44 — Baker, R. J. (2010). Implementing Value Pricing: A Radical Business Model for Professional Firms. Wiley.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Heuristik och fördomar i förhandling

8. R684 — Bazerman, M. H., & Neale, M. A. (1983). Heuristics in negotiation: Limitations to effective dispute resolution. Negotiating in Organizations, 51–67.

Nollsummebias

9. R682 — Meegan, D. V. (2010). Zero-sum bias: Perceived competition despite unlimited resources. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 191.
10. R683 — Różycka-Tran, J., Boski, P., & Wojciszke, B. (2015). Belief in a zero-sum game as a social axiom: A 37-nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(4), 525–548.
11. R685 — Chinoy, S., Nunn, N., Sequeira, S., & Stantcheva, S. (2024). Zero-sum thinking and the roots of U.S. political divides. NBER Working Paper No. 31688. (Corrected per addendum item 8.)
12. R686 — Davidai, S., & Ongis, M. (2019). The politics of zero-sum thinking. Science Advances, 5(12).

Reaktiv devalvering och hinder för upplösning

13. R654 — Ross, L., & Stillinger, C. (1991). Barriers to conflict resolution. Negotiation Journal, 7(4), 389–404. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
14. R655 — Maoz, I., Ward, A., Katz, M., & Ross, L. (2002). Reactive devaluation of an "Israeli" vs. "Palestinian" peace proposal. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(4), 515–546. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
15. R656 — Cohen, G. L., Sherman, D. K., Bastardi, A., Hsu, L., McGoey, M., & Ross, L. (2007). Bridging the partisan divide. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 59–74. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)
16. R657 — Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1995). Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 255–304). Academic Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)

11. Riskuppfattning, katastrofer och säkerhet

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om riskuppfattning, katastrofpsykologi, organisatoriska olyckor, mänskliga fel (human error), risk-homeostas och säkerhetsreglering. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 02 (Bedömning och beslutsfattande) och avsnitt 04 (Perception). Relevant för PEM:s diskussioner om bias för det normala (normalcy bias), handlingsbias, illusionen av kontroll, Peltzman-effekten / risk-homeostas, organisatoriska olyckor och hur man verkar under kriser och systemisk osäkerhet.

Böcker

1. R53 — Slovic, P. (Ed.). (2000). The Perception of Risk. Earthscan Publications.
2. R54 — Slovic, P. (2010). The Feeling of Risk: New Perspectives on Risk Perception. Routledge.
3. R56 — Sunstein, C. R. (2005). Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge University Press.
4. R57 — Sunstein, C. R. (2002). Risk and Reason: Safety, Law, and the Environment. Cambridge University Press.
5. R63 — Breyer, S. (1993). Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation. Harvard University Press.
6. R142 — Drummond, H. (1996). Escalation in Decision-Making: The Tragedy of Taurus. Oxford University Press.
7. R143 — Vaughan, D. (1996). The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA. University of Chicago Press.
8. R144 — Wohlstetter, R. (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press.
9. R145 — Snook, S. A. (2000). Friendly Fire: The Accidental Shootdown of U.S. Black Hawks over Northern Iraq. Princeton University Press.
10. R146 — Gawande, A. (2009). The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. Metropolitan Books.
11. R147 — Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge University Press.
12. R148 — Reason, J. (1997). Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate.
13. R149 — Norman, D. A. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things: Revised and Expanded Edition. Basic Books. (Original work published 1988.)
14. R192 — Ripley, A. (2008). The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes—and Why. Crown Publishers.
15. R193 — Quarantelli, E. L. (Ed.). (1998). What is a Disaster? Perspectives on the Question. Routledge.
16. R194 — Leach, J. (1994). Survival Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan.
17. R898 — Wilde, G. J. S. (2001). Target Risk 2: A New Psychology of Safety and Health. PDE Publications.
18. R899 — Adams, J. (1995). Risk. UCL Press.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Katastrofpsykologi och panik

19. R673 — Quarantelli, E. L. (1954). The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of Sociology, 60(3), 267–275.
20. R675 — Leach, J. (2004). Why people 'freeze' in an emergency. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75(6), 539–542.
21. R676 — Frey, B. S., Savage, D. A., & Torgler, B. (2010). Interaction of natural survival instincts and internalized social norms exploring the Titanic and Lusitania disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(11), 4862–4865.
22. R677 — Quarantelli, E. L. (2008). Conventional beliefs and counterintuitive realities. In H. Rodríguez, E. L. Quarantelli, & R. R. Dynes (Eds.), Handbook of Disaster Research (pp. 325–346). Springer.

Slumpmässiga och kontraintuitiva fysiska fenomen

23. R678 — Matthews, R. (1995). Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants. European Journal of Physics, 16(4), 172–176.
24. R679 — Raymer, D. M., & Smith, D. E. (2007). Spontaneous knotting of an agitated string. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(42), 16432–16437.
25. R680 — Redelmeier, D. A., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1999). Why cars in the next lane seem to go faster. Nature, 401(6748), 35.

Mänskliga fel och Färdigheter-Regler-Kunskap

26. R681 — Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13(3), 257–266.

Riskhomeostas och Peltzman-effekten

27. R894 — Peltzman, S. (1975). The effects of automobile safety regulation. Journal of Political Economy, 83(4), 677–726.
28. R895 — Wilde, G. J. S. (1982). The theory of risk homeostasis: Implications for safety and health. Risk Analysis, 2(4), 209–225.
29. R896 — Hedlund, J. (2000). Risky business: Safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury Prevention, 6(2), 82–89.
30. R897 — Adams, J. (1981). The efficacy of seatbelt legislation. Department of Geography, University College London.
31. R900 — Peltzman, S. (2004). Regulation and the natural progress of opulence. AEI-Brookings Joint Center 2004 Distinguished Lecture. American Enterprise Institute.

Riskuppfattning och oro

32. R971 — Baron, J., Hershey, J. C., & Kunreuther, H. (1993). Determinants of priority for risk reduction: The role of worry. Risk Analysis, 13(6), 605–618.
33. R972 — Viscusi, W. K., Magat, W. A., & Huber, J. (1987). An investigation of the rationality of consumer valuations of multiple health risks. RAND Journal of Economics, 18(4), 465–479.
34. R973 — Tversky, A., & Fox, C. R. (1995). Weighing risk and uncertainty. Psychological Review, 102(2), 269–283. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 02.)
35. R974 — Slovic, P. (1987). Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280–285.

Iatrogen risk och medicinhistoria

36. R903 — Starko, K. M. (2009). Salicylates and pandemic influenza mortality, 1918–1919. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(9), 1405–1410.

12. Tillit, rykte, nätverk och personligt varumärke

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om tillitsteori, sociala nätverk och socialt kapital, rykte och personligt varumärke. Det här avsnittet är grundläggande för PEM:s Tillitsformel (Trust Formula: Bevisad påverkan × Transparent närvaro × Konsekvent linjering), Tillitsekonomin (Economy of Trust), de sju pelarna för tillitsbaserad närvaro och domänerna Rykte och Socialt kapital.

Böcker

1. R262 — Botsman, R. (2017). Who Can You Trust? How Technology Brought Us Together and Why It Might Drive Us Apart. PublicAffairs / Penguin Portfolio.
2. R263 — Covey, S. M. R., with Merrill, R. R. (2006). The SPEED of Trust: The One Thing That Changes Everything. Free Press.
3. R264 — Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. Free Press.
4. R265 — Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
5. A18 — Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press.
6. A20 — Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2009). Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives. Little, Brown.
7. A22 — Maister, D. H., Green, C. H., & Galford, R. M. (2000). The Trusted Advisor. Free Press.
8. A23 — Hardin, R. (2002). Trust and Trustworthiness. Russell Sage Foundation.
9. A26 — Gandini, A. (2016). The Reputation Economy: Understanding Knowledge Work in Digital Society. Palgrave Macmillan.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Nätverksteori och socialt kapital

10. A17 — Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360–1380.
11. A19 — Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110(2), 349–399.

Tillitsteori (Grunden för Tillitsformeln)

12. A21 — Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709–734.

Personligt varumärke och rykte

13. A24 — Peters, T. (1997). The brand called you. Fast Company, 10, 83–90.
14. A25 — Khedher, M. (2014). Personal branding phenomenon. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(2), 29–40.

13. Expertis, inlärning och kompetensutveckling

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om utveckling av expertis, tyst kunskap, intuition och medveten träning (deliberate practice). Nära kopplat till avsnitt 03 (Minne och kognition) och avsnitt 15 (Organisationsbeteende). Grundläggande för PEM:s Interna Kedja (Erfarenhet → Förståelse → Påverkan), distinktionen "Information vs Förståelse", utvecklingen av överförbara standarder och diskussionerna om tyst kunskap, medveten träning och intuition.

Böcker

1. R61 — Klein, G. (2013). Seeing What Others Don't: The Remarkable Ways We Gain Insights. PublicAffairs.
2. R62 — Klein, G. (2007). The Power of Intuition. Crown Business.
3. A11 — Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. Doubleday.
4. A12 — Polanyi, M. (1958). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy. University of Chicago Press.
5. A13 — Collins, H. (2010). Tacit and Explicit Knowledge. University of Chicago Press.
6. A15 — Ericsson, K. A., & Pool, R. (2016). Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
7. A16 — Hogarth, R. M. (2001). Educating Intuition. University of Chicago Press.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Medveten träning (Deliberate Practice)

8. A14 — Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363–406.

Inlärningsvetenskap och minnesbaserad förvärvning av färdigheter

9. R36 — Brown, P. C., Roediger, H. L., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014). Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Harvard University Press / Belknap Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 03.)

14. Motivation, känslor och välbefinnande

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om motivationsteori, inre/yttre belöningar, känslor, affektiv prognos (affective forecasting), hållbarhetsbias (durability bias), socioemotionell selektivitet, positivitets-effekten vid åldrande, humorpsykologi och välbefinnande. Nära kopplat till avsnitt 05 (Självuppfattning) och avsnitt 03 (Minne). Relevant för PEM:s biologiska resursdomän, affektiva prognoser, motivationens renhetsbias och inramningen av välbefinnande.

Böcker

1. R111 — Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press.
2. R112 — Fredrickson, B. L. (2009). Positivity. Crown Publishers.
3. R113 — Hanson, R. (2013). Hardwiring Happiness: The New Brain Science of Contentment, Calm, and Confidence. Harmony Books.
4. R114 — Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2019). The Power of Bad: How the Negativity Effect Rules Us and How We Can Rule It. Penguin Press.
5. R115 — Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength. Penguin Press.
6. R116 — Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam.
7. R117 — Sharot, T. (2011). The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive Brain. Vintage / Pantheon.
8. R118 — Norem, J. K. (2001). The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. Basic Books.
9. R119 — Mischel, W. (2014). The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control. Little, Brown and Company.
10. R120 — Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of Will. Cambridge University Press.
11. R121 — Pink, D. H. (2009). Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. Riverhead Books.
12. R122 — Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Plenum Press.
13. R123 — Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man's Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.
14. R124 — Shenk, J. W. (2005). Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness. Houghton Mifflin.
15. R256 — Martin, R. A. (2007). The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Academic Press.
16. R257 — Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and Sense of Humor. Springer.
17. R258 — Ruch, W. (Ed.). (1998). The Sense of Humor: Explorations of a Personality Characteristic. Mouton de Gruyter.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Grundläggande begrepp kring upplevd nytta och lycka

18. R302 — Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312(5782), 1908–1910. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 01.)
19. R304 — Kahneman, D., Wakker, P. P., & Sarin, R. (1997). Back to Bentham? Explorations of experienced utility. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 375–406.

Socioemotionell selektivitet och positivitets-effekten vid åldrande

20. R640 — Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181.
21. R641 — Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: The role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554–570.
22. R642 — Wolpe, N., et al. (2025). Age-related positivity bias in emotion recognition is linked to lower cognitive performance and altered amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity. Journal of Neuroscience.
23. R643 — Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1–15.
24. R644 — Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496–502.
25. R645 — Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Aging, emotion, and health-related decision strategies. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 134–146.

Motivation: Inre, yttre och renhet

26. R732 — Heath, C. (1999). On the social psychology of agency relationships: Lay theories of motivation overemphasize extrinsic incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(1), 25–62.
27. R733 — Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105–115.
28. R734 — Lepper, M. R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 129–137.
29. R735 — Derfler-Rozin, R., & Pitesa, M. (2020). Motivation purity bias. Academy of Management Journal, 63(6), 1840–1864.
30. R736 — Titmuss, R. (1970). The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy. Allen & Unwin.
31. R737 — Taylor, F. W. (1911). The Principles of Scientific Management. Harper & Brothers.
32. R738 — Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67.

Affektiva prognoser och hållbarhetsbias

33. R772 — Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 617–638.
34. R773 — Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. (2000). Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 821–836.
35. R774 — Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(8), 917–927.
36. R775 — Levine, L. J., Lench, H. C., Kaplan, R. L., & Safer, M. A. (2012). Accuracy and artifact: Reexamining the intensity bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 584–605.
37. R776 — Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2013). The impact bias is alive and well. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(5), 740–748.
38. R777 — Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2003). Affective forecasting. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 345–411). Academic Press.
39. R778 — Loewenstein, G., & Schkade, D. (1999). Wouldn't it be nice? Predicting future feelings. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-Being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (pp. 85–105). Russell Sage Foundation.

Välbefinnande och anpassning

40. A47 — Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.

15. Organisationsbeteende, ledarskap och produktivitet

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om organisationsbeteende, ledarskap, produktivitetssystem, kunskapsarbete, automatisering i organisationer, planeringsfelslutet på stor skala samt rutiner och tidsuppfattning. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 13 (Expertis) och avsnitt 16 (Teknologi och AI). Direkt relevant för PEM:s delegeringsprincip, delegeringshierarkin (Automatisera → Systematisera → Partner), de två sätten att genomföra (Arkitekt/Byggare), övergången från tid-till-pengar till produkt-till-pengar, överförbara standarder, planeringsfelslutet och automatiseringsbias.

Böcker

1. R216 — Brown, W. J., Malveau, R. C., McCormick, H. W., & Mowbray, T. J. (1998). AntiPatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis. Wiley.
2. R218 — Kaplan, A. (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Chandler Publishing.
3. R231 — Allen, D. (2001). Getting Things Done: The Art of Stress-Free Productivity. Penguin.
4. R232 — Newport, C. (2016). Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World. Grand Central Publishing.
5. R235 — Edmondson, A. C. (2018). The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth. Wiley.
6. R236 — Bohnet, I. (2016). What Works: Gender Equality by Design. Harvard University Press.
7. R237 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2003). Megaprojects and Risk: An Anatomy of Ambition. Cambridge University Press.
8. R238 — Flyvbjerg, B. (2021). How Big Things Get Done. Currency.
9. R270 — Gerber, M. E. (1995). The E-Myth Revisited: Why Most Small Businesses Don't Work and What to Do About It. HarperBusiness.
10. R271 — Sullivan, D., & Hardy, B. (2020). Who Not How: The Formula to Achieve Bigger Goals Through Accelerating Teamwork. Hay House Business.
11. R272 — Ferriss, T. (2007). The 4-Hour Workweek: Escape 9–5, Live Anywhere, and Join the New Rich. Crown Publishers.
12. R273 — Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation. Oxford University Press.
13. R274 — Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century. HarperBusiness.
14. R275 — Drucker, P. F. (1959). Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the New "Post-Modern" World. Harper & Brothers.
15. R276 — Clark, D. (2017). Entrepreneurial You: Monetize Your Expertise, Create Multiple Income Streams, and Thrive. Harvard Business Review Press.
16. R277 — Vaynerchuk, G. (2009). Crush It! Why NOW Is the Time to Cash In on Your Passion. HarperStudio.
17. R280 — Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in Systems: A Primer (D. Wright, Ed.). Chelsea Green Publishing.
18. R281 — Senge, P. M. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday / Currency.
19. R284 — Parasuraman, R., & Mouloua, M. (Eds.). (1996). Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. R285 — Wickens, C. D., & Hollands, J. G. (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
21. R286 — Lee, J. D., Wickens, C. D., Liu, Y., & Boyle, L. N. (2017). Designing for People: An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering (3rd ed.). CreateSpace.
22. R925 — Kim, W. C., & Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue Ocean Strategy. Harvard Business Review Press.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Automatiseringsbias

23. R594 — Skitka, L. J., Mosier, K. L., & Burdick, M. (1999). Does automation bias decision-making? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51(5), 991–1006.
24. R595 — Parasuraman, R., & Manzey, D. H. (2010). Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Human Factors, 52(3), 381–410.
25. R596 — Lee, J. D., & See, K. A. (2004). Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance. Human Factors, 46(1), 50–80.
26. R597 — Lyell, D., & Coiera, E. (2017). Automation bias and verification complexity: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 24(2), 423–431.
27. R598 — Goddard, K., Roudsari, A., & Wyatt, J. C. (2012). Automation bias: A systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19(1), 121–127.
28. R599 — Mosier, K. L., & Skitka, L. J. (1996). Human decision makers and automated decision aids. In R. Parasuraman & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation and Human Performance (pp. 201–220). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rutiner och tidsuppfattning

29. R658 — Avni-Babad, D., & Ritov, I. (2003). Routine and the perception of time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(4), 543–550.
30. R659 — Roy, M. M., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2007). Bias in memory predicts bias in estimation of future task duration. Memory & Cognition, 35(3), 557–564.
31. R660 — Roy, M. M., & Christenfeld, N. J. S. (2008). Effect of task length on remembered and predicted duration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(1), 202–207.
32. R661 — Harms, I. M., et al. (2021). Route familiarity and driving behavior: A systematic review. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour.

Planeringsfelslutet

33. R662 — Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (1994). Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 366–381.
34. R663 — Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002). Inside the planning fallacy. In Heuristics and Biases (pp. 250–270). Cambridge University Press.
35. R664 — Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Intuitive prediction: Biases and corrective procedures. TIMS Studies in Management Science, 12, 313–327.
36. R665 — Kahneman, D., & Lovallo, D. (1993). Timid choices and bold forecasts: A cognitive perspective on risk taking. In R. Rumelt, D. Schendel, & D. Teece (Eds.), Fundamental Issues in Strategy (pp. 71–96). Harvard Business School Press.

16. Teknologi, AI och framtidens arbete

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om AI-revolutionen, generativ AI:s påverkan på produktivitet, framtidens arbete och de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av automatisering. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 15 (Organisationsbeteende). Direkt relevant för PEM:s "Makrokontext"-diskussion om AI-störningar, inramningen av "Tillitsekonomin", AI:s roll i delegeringshierarkin, AI-assisterad kvalitetsgranskning och diskussionen om vad AI förvandlar till råvaror (commoditizes) jämfört med vad den inte kan återskapa.

Böcker

1. R266 — Mollick, E. (2024). Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI. Portfolio / Penguin.
2. R267 — Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. R268 — Susskind, D. (2020). A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond. Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt.
4. R269 — Lee, K.-F. (2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

AI:s inverkan på kunskapsarbete och produktivitet

5. A30 — Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D., & Raymond, L. R. (2025). Generative AI at work. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 140(2), 889–942.
6. A31 — Dell'Acqua, F., McFowland, E., Mollick, E., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., Kellogg, K., Rajendran, S., Krayer, L., Candelon, F., & Lakhani, K. R. (2023). Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 24-013.
7. A32 — Noy, S., & Zhang, W. (2023). Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 187–192.
8. A33 — Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs. Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308.
9. A34 — Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020). The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labor demand. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 25–35.

AI och fördomar i språkmodeller

10. R617 — Lee, M. H. J., Montgomery, J. M., & Lai, C. K. (2024). Large language models portray socially subordinate groups as more homogeneous, consistent with a bias observed in humans. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '24), 1321–1340. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07. Corrected per addendum item 7.)

Algoritmisk bias

11. R555 — Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 1–15. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 07.)

17. Innovation, kreativitet och problemlösning

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om innovationsteori, funktionell fixering, insiktsproblem (insight problems), Not-Invented-Here-syndromet, IKEA-effekten, spridning av innovationer och kreativitet. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 13 (Expertis) och avsnitt 04 (Perception). Relevant för PEM:s diskussioner om funktionell fixering vid utförande, Not-Invented-Here-fällan vid delegering, IKEA-effekten när man värderar personligt utförande, och hur förståelse översätts till nya lösningar.

Böcker

1. R201 — Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. W. Strahan and T. Cadell.
2. R202 — Wright, R. (2000). Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. Pantheon Books.
3. R203 — Heffernan, M. (2011). Willful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious at Our Peril. Walker & Company.
4. R204 — Chesterton, G. K. (1929). The Thing: Why I Am a Catholic. Sheed & Ward.
5. R205 — Burke, E. (1790). Reflections on the Revolution in France. J. Dodsley.
6. R206 — Hayek, F. A. (1988). The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism. University of Chicago Press.
7. R207 — Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
8. R208 — Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.
9. R209 — Morozov, E. (2013). To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism. PublicAffairs.
10. R210 — Sveiby, K. E., Gripenberg, P., & Segercrantz, B. (Eds.). (2012). Challenging the Innovation Paradigm. Routledge.
11. R211 — Godin, B. (2015). Innovation Contested: The Idea of Innovation over the Centuries. Routledge.
12. R212 — Mazzucato, M. (2013). The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths. Anthem Press.
13. R213 — Hightower, J. (1973). Hard Tomatoes, Hard Times. Schenkman Publishing.
14. R214 — Godin, B., & Vinck, D. (Eds.). (2017). Critical Studies of Innovation: Alternative Approaches to the Pro-Innovation Bias. Edward Elgar Publishing.
15. R650 — Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Harvard Business School Press.
16. R652 — Morison, E. E. (1966). Men, Machines, and Modern Times. MIT Press.
17. R569 — Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding Innovation in Problem Solving, Science, Invention, and the Arts. John Wiley & Sons.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Funktionell fixering och insikt

18. R564 — Duncker, K. (1945). On problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 58(5), i–113.
19. R565 — German, T. P., & Defeyter, M. A. (2000). Immunity to functional fixedness in young children. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(4), 707–712.
20. R566 — German, T. P., & Barrett, H. C. (2005). Functional fixedness in a technologically sparse culture. Psychological Science, 16(1), 1–5. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 18.)
21. R567 — Glucksberg, S., & Danks, J. H. (1968). Effects of discriminative labels and of nonsense labels upon availability of novel function. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 7, 72–76.
22. R568 — McCaffrey, T. (2012). Innovation relies on the obscure: A key to overcoming the classic problem of functional fixedness. Psychological Science, 23(3), 215–218.
23. R570 — Ohlsson, S. (2011). Insight. In Deep Learning: How the Mind Overrides Experience (pp. 79–116). Cambridge University Press.

Not-Invented-Here-syndromet

24. R646 — Katz, R., & Allen, T. J. (1982). Investigating the Not Invented Here (NIH) syndrome. R&D Management, 12(1), 7–20.
25. R647 — Antons, D., & Piller, F. T. (2015). Opening the black box of "Not Invented Here." Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(2), 193–217.
26. R648 — Lichtenthaler, U., & Ernst, H. (2006). Attitudes to externally organizing knowledge management tasks. R&D Management, 36(4), 367–386.
27. R649 — Allen, T. J., Katz, R., Grady, J. J., & Slavin, N. (1988). Project team aging and performance. R&D Management, 18(4), 295–308.
28. R653 — Huston, L., & Sakkab, N. (2006). Connect and develop: Inside Procter & Gamble's new model for innovation. Harvard Business Review on Innovation (pp. 33–56). Harvard Business School Press.

Spridning av innovationer

29. R793 — Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press.
30. R794 — Ram, S., & Sheth, J. N. (1989). Consumer resistance to innovations. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(2), 5–14.
31. R795 — Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 254–285.
32. R796 — Greenhalgh, T., Robert, G., Macfarlane, F., Bate, P., & Kyriakidou, O. (2004). Diffusion of innovations in service organizations. Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), 581–629.

IKEA-effekten

33. R651 — Norton, M. I., Mochon, D., & Ariely, D. (2012). The IKEA effect: When labor leads to love. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 22(3), 453–460.
34. R957 — Wang, M., Rieger, M. O., & Hens, T. (2016). How time preferences differ. Journal of Economic Psychology, 52, 115–135.
35. R958 — Sarstedt, M., Neubert, D., & Barth, K. (2016). The IKEA effect: A conceptual replication. Journal of Marketing Behavior, 2(1), 56–67.
36. R959 — Franke, N., Schreier, M., & Kaiser, U. (2010). The "I designed it myself" effect in mass customization. Management Science, 56(1), 125–140.
37. R960 — Marsh, L. E., Gil, J., & Kanngiesser, P. (2022). The IKEA effect across cultures. Developmental Psychology.
38. R961 — Belk, R. (1988). Possessions and the extended self. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 139–168.

18. Filosofi, vetenskap och epistemologi

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om vetenskapsfilosofi och -historia, epistemologi, reproducerbarhetskrisen, motstånd mot vetenskapliga upptäckter och grundläggande filosofiska texter. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 01 (grundläggande biases). Relevant för PEM:s tonvikt på triangulering, kalibrerad tillit, att söka avbekräftelse (disconfirmation), Semmelweis-reflexen, reproducerbarhetskrisen som en modell för bias i etablerade system och de filosofiska grunderna för "Information vs Förståelse".

Böcker

1. R151 — Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press.
2. R154 — Chambers, C. (2017). The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology: A Manifesto for Reforming the Culture of Scientific Practice. Princeton University Press.
3. R155 — Proctor, R. N., & Schiebinger, L. (Eds.). (2008). Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance. Stanford University Press.
4. R156 — Nuland, S. B. (2003). The Doctors' Plague: Germs, Childbed Fever, and the Strange Story of Ignác Semmelweis. W. W. Norton.
5. R157 — Sagan, C. (1995). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. Random House.
6. R158 — Shermer, M. (2011). The Believing Brain. Times Books.
7. R159 — Hyman, R. (1989). The Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research. Prometheus Books.
8. R160 — Sober, E. (2015). Ockham's Razors: A User's Manual. Cambridge University Press.
9. R217 — Maslow, A. (1966). The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance. Harper & Row. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 05.)
10. R249 — Plato. (~370 BCE). Phaedrus. (Various translations available.)
11. R250 — Bacon, F. (1620). Novum Organum.
12. R251 — Cicero. (45 BCE). De Natura Deorum [On the Nature of the Gods].
13. R252 — Beyerstein, B. L. (1996). Graphology. In G. Stein (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books.
14. R926 — McCosh, J. (1879). The method of the divine government. In Logic of the Sciences.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Reproducerbarhet och meta-vetenskap

15. R444 — Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716.
16. R450 — Ioannidis, J. P. (2005). Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.
17. R451 — Munafò, M. R., et al. (2017). A manifesto for reproducible science. Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 0021.

Motstånd mot vetenskapliga upptäckter (Semmelweis-reflexen)

18. R468 — Barber, B. (1961). Resistance by scientists to scientific discovery. Science, 134(3479), 596–602.
19. R469 — Kahan, D. M. (2013). Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 407–424.
20. R470 — Campanario, J. M. (2009). Rejecting and resisting Nobel class discoveries: Accounts by Nobel Laureates. Scientometrics, 81(2), 549–565.
21. R471 — Gross, M., & McGoey, L. (2015). Introduction. In Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies (pp. 1–14). Routledge.

19. Kultur, samhälle, politik och historia

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om kultur och kognition, tvärkulturell psykologi, politisk och historisk analys, deklinism, ryktespsykologi, moralisk tur (moral luck), placeboeffekten och historiska fallstudier. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 06 (Socialpsykologi) och avsnitt 07 (Intergruppsrelationer). Relevant för PEM:s hantering av kulturell variation över fördomar, deklinism i makrokontexten, moralisk tur och utfallsbias (outcome bias), placeboeffekten som bevis på samspel mellan kropp och sinne, och att verka under historiska övergångsperioder.

Böcker

1. R125 — O'Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale University Press.
2. R168 — Rosling, H., Rosling, O., & Rönnlund, A. R. (2018). Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World—and Why Things Are Better Than You Think. Flatiron Books.
3. R169 — Joffe, J. (2014). The Myth of America's Decline: Politics, Economics, and a Half Century of False Prophecies. Liveright.
4. R170 — Spengler, O. (1926). The Decline of the West. Alfred A. Knopf. (Original work published 1918.)
5. R171 — Herman, A. (1997). The Idea of Decline in Western History. Free Press.
6. R172 — Barnett, C. (1986). The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation. Macmillan.
7. R175 — Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. Oxford University Press.
8. R177 — Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently... and Why. Free Press.
9. R178 — Mead, M. (1928). Coming of Age in Samoa. William Morrow.
10. R179 — Freeman, D. (1983). Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth. Harvard University Press.
11. R180 — Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Gallimard.
12. R181 — Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
13. R186 — Levy, N. (2011). Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press.
14. R187 — Williams, B. (1981). Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973-1980. Cambridge University Press.
15. R188 — Nussbaum, M. (1986). The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
16. R189 — Benedetti, F. (2014). Placebo Effects: Understanding the Mechanisms in Health and Disease (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
17. R190 — Kaptchuk, T. J., & Miller, F. G. (2018). Placebo Effects in Medicine: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Springer.
18. R191 — Kirsch, I. (2010). The Emperor's New Drugs: Exploding the Antidepressant Myth. Basic Books.
19. R223 — Bergstrom, C. T., & West, J. D. (2020). Calling Bullshit: The Art of Skepticism in a Data-Driven World. Random House.
20. R224 — Davis, N. Z. (1983). The Return of Martin Guerre. Harvard University Press.
21. R225 — McWhinnie, D. (1974). The Tichborne Claimant: The Greatest Fraud of the Victorian Age. Routledge.
22. R255 — Calder, A. (1991). The Myth of the Blitz. Jonathan Cape.
23. R922 — Lewis, C. S. (1955). Surprised by Joy. Harcourt.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Placeboeffekten

24. R607 — Beecher, H. K. (1955). The powerful placebo. Journal of the American Medical Association, 159(17), 1602–1606.
25. R608 — Hróbjartsson, A., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2001). Is the placebo powerless? New England Journal of Medicine, 344(21), 1594–1602.
26. R609 — Kaptchuk, T. J., et al. (2010). Placebos without deception: A randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLOS ONE, 5(12), e15591.
27. R610 — Hall, K. T., et al. (2012). Catechol-O-methyltransferase val158met polymorphism predicts placebo effect in irritable bowel syndrome. PLOS ONE, 7(10), e48135.
28. R611 — Moseley, J. B., et al. (2002). A controlled trial of arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis of the knee. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(2), 81–88.
29. R612 — Hall, K. T., & Kaptchuk, T. J. (2015). Genetic biomarkers of placebo response. In L. Colloca (Ed.), Placebo and Pain (pp. 245–260). Academic Press.

Ryktespsykologi

30. R239 — DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor Psychology: Social and Organizational Approaches. American Psychological Association.
31. R240 — Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. (1947). The Psychology of Rumor. Henry Holt and Company.
32. R241 — Shibutani, T. (1966). Improvised News: A Sociological Study of Rumor. Bobbs-Merrill.
33. R242 — Kapferer, J. N. (1990). Rumors: Uses, Interpretations, and Images. Transaction Publishers.
34. R243 — Fine, G. A. (1992). Manufacturing Tales: Sex and Money in Contemporary Legends. University of Tennessee Press.

Moralisk tur (Moral Luck)

35. R766 — Nagel, T. (1979). Moral luck. In Mortal Questions (pp. 24–38). Cambridge University Press.
36. R767 — Kneer, M., & Machery, E. (2019). No luck for moral luck. Cognition, 182, 331–348.
37. R768 — Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63(3), 190–194.
38. R769 — Zimmerman, M. (2002). Taking luck seriously. Journal of Philosophy, 99(11), 553–576.
39. R770 — Elchardus, M., & Spruyt, B. (2016). Populism, persistent republicanism and declinism. Government and Opposition, 51(1), 111–133.
40. R771 — Eibach, R. P., & Libby, L. K. (2009). Ideology of the good old days. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and Psychological Bases of Ideology and System Justification (pp. 402–423). Oxford University Press.

Kultur och kognition

41. R920 — Nisbett, R. E., et al. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291–310.

20. Media, felinformation och informationsmiljö

Detta avsnitt samlar källor om medieeffekter, felinformation och korrigering av den, filterbubblor, uppmärksamhetsekonomin och informationsmiljön. Nära relaterat till avsnitt 08 (Övertalning) och avsnitt 06 (Socialpsykologi). Relevant för PEM:s "Makrokontext"-inramning av att uppmärksamhetsekonomin skiftar till tillitsekonomin, illusionen av sanning (illusory truth effect), innehållsmättnad och mediernas roll i att forma perception och tillit.

Böcker

1. R126 — Lewandowsky, S., & Cook, J. (2020). The Debunking Handbook 2020. University of Queensland.
2. R127 — Pariser, E. (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press.
3. R130 — Carr, N. (2010). The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains. W. W. Norton.
4. R131 — Perloff, R. M. (2014). The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century (5th ed.). Routledge. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 08.)
5. R132 — Bryant, J., & Oliver, M. B. (Eds.). (2009). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research (3rd ed.). Routledge.
6. R133 — McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
7. R134 — Mackay, C. (1841). Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds. Richard Bentley.
8. R135 — Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. Doubleday.
9. R167 — Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press.
10. R58 — Sunstein, C. R. (2017). #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media. Princeton University Press.

Artiklar, avhandlingar och kapitel

Felinformation och korrigering

11. R465 — Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131.
12. R466 — Walter, N., & Murphy, S. T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, 85(3), 423–441.
13. R467 — Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., & Tang, D. T. W. (2010). Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation. Memory & Cognition, 38(8), 1087–1100. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 01.)

Allmän opinion och informationsspridning

14. R182 — Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion—Our Social Skin. University of Chicago Press. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 06.)
15. R96 — Lippmann, W. (1922). Public Opinion. Harcourt, Brace and Company. (Cross-listed: also relevant in section 06.)